The right to a free education Essay Example for Free

The right to a free education EssayIs unitary of the dearest rights that we, as Americans, have in this country. People from the four corners of the world, come to America to be educated and to benefit from the many advances that the American public and private educational systems tornado in this country. Until recently, this did non expand to those children with developmental disabilities. As a Special Education teacher, I have seen first hand, the benefits of inclusion not just for the individuals themselves, just now also for the students within the classroom. In doing so, the school can adhere to the popular and effective principle of implementing diversity in the classroom and teaches those involved, that different does not designate bad or inferior. Inclusion offers the individual, the best possible opportunity to learn and to be assimilated into society and the union. The individual learns that he or she is just as nigh(a) as everybody else and has many of the same hopes and dreams that their peers have within the classroom.Also, if it is in the best interest of the student, once he has become an adult, to enter into a group home, their efforts towards community integration, which is the goal of nearly every group home facility in this country, to have a background of inclusion. These early years are the most fine for the individual and any efforts at dissuading the parent or guardian of the student, will reap bitter rewards and will further serve as an impediment to the learning process of the individual, perhaps for his entire life.The school system focuses on one aspect of the education of an individual. Morals and ethics are no longer taught in our schools and the student, once he or she graduates from high school, their education is void of any real life experiences. Students today find themselves book smart but pretermit the ability to implement those skills into real life situations. One way that the school system can reverse this is by dint of the inclusion of development each(prenominal)y disabled individuals. numerous times, it is the success or the failure of the individual which is paramount in deciding in whether or not inclusion for the individual is in her best interest. It is weighty that this remains the case. However, in a class room setting, there are twenty to thirty individuals who stand to gain a great deal through the inclusion of a special needs child within their classroom. When in college, I worked at a group home for mentally handicapped adults. thither was a series of homes in the neighborhood which houses between eight and sixteen individuals with special needs.Since many of the individuals were middle aged, and therefore had not enjoyed the benefits of inclusion, their social skills with people in their own community, was poor at best. Also, the problem was two fold as the neighbors within these communities, fought hard to keep these group homes out of their areas. This was hard to beli eve as I found my experiences very favorable and quickly made friends with people who very much wanted to be my friend and treasured it as one of the more important aspects of their life.Therefore, I could not understand how others would see these lovely and friendly individuals as threats to their happiness and safety. In the few years that I worked at these group homes and the additional years in which I kept in contact with these valuable friends, I never heard or witnessed any accident where the feelings of the neighbors were justified. What did become clear, was that the xenophobia which was the source of such, almost hatred, towards some of the most friendly and peaceful people that I had ever known.In talking with some of the people in the neighborhood, I quickly realized that their lack of contact with members of the developmentally disabled population was the chief motivating factor in their rudeness towards the residents of this group home. Their experiences were not uniq ue at all as many of the same stories were shared by friends and co workers who worked at other homes. Their experiences mirrored mine to an alarming degree.In the same way one may look at an individual of another race with hatred or some level of prejudice, mostly overdue to their lack of involvement with members of that particular race or ethnic group, so too is the result of those who have had little to no contact with members of the DD population. Inclusion helps to engagement this problem to a great degree. This is one of the most helpful and practical results of inclusion. It not only helps the individual, but to a larger degree, helps introduce students to those who are different. This does not mean that the individual is to be put on display to be laughed at or to be made to feel inferior.Not at all When children are associated with people of different ethnicities and abilities, both mental and physical, it is to their benefit in the long run. Most of the psychologists agr ee Behavior is learned. Therefore, it behooves the majority, not.

Performance Evaluation Task Essay Example for Free

Performance Evaluation Task EssayAll employees want a fair and accurate performance military rank. Its it important that an evaluation reflect each employees job duties and how well they redeem performed. In this scenario, the applied scientists first performance review cease with him being angry over the counseling in which he was being evaluated. There were three main issues with the leads evaluation. The engineer felt that no one in the company, including the plant double-decker was certified to complete his annual review. He felt this way beca mapping he is the only trained engineer in the company. As a result, the engineer had little confidence in the way that he was being evaluated and was upset that most of his review was based on relationships with early(a)(a) co-workers and his own personal characteristics. For the second annual review the plant tutor is exploring other options when it comes to evaluating the engineer.The three most commonly-used sets of eval uation criteria which should be used in evaluations atomic number 18 individual task outcomes, behaviors, and traits. In this scenario, the engineer could be judged on what he was able to accomplish. For example, the changes that the engineer suggested resulted in make outable savings on manufacturing energy damage and eliminated a signifi shadowt safety hazard that had been previously overlooked. Behavior refers to not only how the employee works with others but similarly organizational performance, promptness, and suggestions for improvements.In the scenario, the engineer clashes with other employees and has a poor attitude towards co-workers. However, the engineers suggestions have led to positive changes with the company. Traits are referring to the engineers attitude, showing confidence, and being dependable. In this scenario, the engineer demonst evaluate a poor attitude towards co-workers and does not pay close attention when the manager is speaking.When you compare the m ost commonly used sets of criteria of claim evaluation the manager needs to determine the importance or weight of each category. Is what the employee achieved as important as how the tasks were done or that they got along with the other members of the team? What the engineer achieved is something that can be measured though the completion of tasks.Behaviors and traits can be more subjective. It could be the engineers personality to be standoffish or he doesnt socialize well with others. This doesnt necessarily mean the engineer is not a successful employee. In the annual review, the manager should consider the outcome of his tasks as the highest priority. Behaviors should be the next factor, and finally traits.In an effort to get more buy in of the performance evaluation process, the plant manager can include the opinions of supervisors, peers, and subordinates. This is an example of a full 360-degree program. There are advantages and disadvantages to this process. The advantages i nclude the hope to give everyone more of a sense of participation in the review process and gain more accurate readings on employee performance. The use of multiple sources is more likely to capture a variety of behavior more accurately. It also provides employees with a wider perspective of their performance. Some of the disadvantages of the 360 degree evaluation are that it has the potential to be misused. Some corporations allow employees to choose the people who evaluate them which can provide some inaccurate feedback. There can also be issues in handling disagreements and contradictions surrounded by those who complete the evaluations. (E-textbook)The plant manager will also need to consider how the engineer would be evaluated. There are several options when considering how to evaluate an employee. The first method that can be considered is a written essay. This is a written narrative describing an employees strengths, weaknesses, potential, performance, and suggestions for im provement. The success of this method can be determined as much by the evaluators writing world power as by the employees level of performance. Another method of evaluation is critical incidents. In this type of evaluation, the evaluator focuses on the behaviors that make the difference between performing a job effectively or ineffectively. It provides an example of what behaviors are wanted and those that are opportunity areas.The third and one of the most popular methods of evaluation is the use of graphic rating scales. In this evaluation method, a set of performance factors such has quality of work cooperation, attendance, and initiative are noted. The evaluator rates each of the factors on incremental scales. One of the advantages to this method is thatthey are less time consuming to complete. They also provide for easy analysis. However, evaluation methods can be biased and have as much to do with the evaluator as with the employee being evaluated. For example, the evaluator unintentionally can inflate an evaluation or regular undervalue the evaluation. The evaluator can also be influenced by the assessment of one characteristic. Some evaluations can be biased by the evaluator favoring employees who have similar qualities to their own. Or in some cases, the evaluator can see the process as an opportunity to reward or punish employees.While the evaluation process at times is not perfect there are ways that it can be improved. In the scenario, the engineer feels that no one is qualified to complete his evaluation including the plant manager. He has little confidence in the evaluation process and that the rating themselves focus on personal characteristics and relationships with co-workers. One way to improve the evaluation process is to train evaluators. If no one is qualified then the company needs to make a qualified evaluator. Training individual to be an evaluator can make for more accurate ratings of an employee. This can help to build confidence t hat the evaluations are accurate and fair.Another alternative is to use multiple evaluators such as in the 360-degree method. This provides an opportunity to achieve more accurate evaluations. The evaluators can review different areas of job performance such as evaluating suggestions for improvements and personal characteristics. A third option is to evaluate selectively. In the scenario, the evaluation would only be done by someone who has some expertise in the area in which they are evaluating. This again can help the engineer have confidence in the evaluations that are being completed.In conclusion, the engineer wants a fair and accurate evaluation. He wants to have confidence in the people who are completing that evaluation and that he is being evaluated on criteria such as improvements to company and how timely and effectively his tasks are completed.

Ethics in social research

Ethics in genial searchEthics in research has been around since World War II and is still to this day a growing concern among researchers. The main aim of the researcher is to ensure that their studies are directed toward worthwhile goals and that the welfare of their subjects and their research colleagues is protected. Alan Kimmel, 1988 on that point are several reasons why it is important for an investigator to adhere to honourable standards in research. First, some of these norms levy the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, forging, or misrepresenting research info to promote the truth and avoid error. Second, since research frequently involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among some different people in different disciplines and institutions, many of these respectable standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual re spect, and fairness. For instance, one particular ethical norm, confidentiality, is designed to protect apt interests while encouraging collaboration among the participants. Third, ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research. People are more promising to fund research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research (this particular example is relevant to the scenario being assessed.) Finally, many of the standards of research promote a variety of new(prenominal) important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, and compliance with the lawSo although all these codes, policies and principles are very important and useful but like any set of rules they do not cover every situation that arises in research, they are often conflicting and require considerable interpretation. It is therefore important for the researcher to learn how to interpret, assess and apply various research rules and how to make decisions a bout how to act in various circumstances. The vast majority of decision making in the conduct of research involves the straightforward application of ethical policies.Ethical issues that are encountered in apply social research are both subtle and complex, raising difficult moral dilemmas that, from the outside, appear unresolvable. With these dilemmas the researcher is required to strike a delicate labyrinthine sense between the scientific or social requirement of methodology and the human rights and values potentially threatened by the research.Privacy and confidentiality are two ethical issues that are crucial to social researchers who request individuals to share with them their thoughts attitudes and experiences. The ethical social researcher is one who is mindful of ways in which privacy and confidentiality whitethorn be jeopardised and safeguarded and is knowledgeable about the effects of privacy and confidentiality on consent.The nature of privacy concerns has changed ove r time as social scientists have become more mingled in identifying social problems and testing possible solutions through field research (Boruch Cecil, 1979)Organisational research focus is directed toward personnel relating issues, including the testing and appraisal of employees for personnel decisions. In conducting these investigations, researchers and consultants may seek to improve on organisations capacities to achieve various goals (e.g. profit for a business, its employees quality of work life or the impact of the organisation on communities in isolate rural areas.Evaluation research is a major type of applied research, typically undertaken by social scientists to determine if ongoing social programs are working as they should. Evaluations tend to focus on programs that are beneficial in nature, such as remedial education, health care and ruminate training programs.The expirys of an evaluation study, in revealing whether a social program is accomplishing what was inte nded can have immediate impact on social constitution and political decisions regarding the programs fate whether it should be continued or stopped, its budget and personnel increased or cut backs made. at that place are a number of vested interests in the design and implementation of evaluation studies and because their results are likely to affect peoples jobs, education and health. Like research conducted in organisations, evaluation research raises some unique ethical questions about whose interests are served an whose point of view should be represented during the research process (Kidder Judd, 1986)With this particular scenario there are two different situations where ethical issues will arise. Firstly, you begin to suspect that food is being stolen from the kitchen and the viability of the project may be at risk. From a researchers point of view suspicions would need to be backed up with hard evidence. If you were to say to you manager, you run the risk of them discharging you and not allowing you to carry out anymore research how could you possibly imagine that of any of their staff? Although on the other hand if your manager was to take you suspicions on board and further investigate the matter over a closely surveyed period of time, they may benefit and prise your integrity that you hold with the company. In a case like this it is often difficult for the evaluator to separate their research role from their role as a work experience placement student. You have been promised the confidentiality of the staff and if you were to say anything about the stolen food it could affect your research and you rapport with the staff. The staff may turn against you and turn down to cooperate after you telling the boss on one of their colleagues.Throughout the research you must remember what the objective is and if you remain silent with your suspicions, will your results in anyway end up being bias? This will reflect an untrue outcome and the company could fa ce further scrutiny from the funding body.There is also the legality aspect for the researcher to consider and stealing is against the law, could you live with yourself if you thought that you were covering up for a criminal, no matter how small the offense was? In failing to voice your suspicions Kimmel, (1988) stated you legally could face prosecution as an accessory after the fact for failure to report a crime.If I were to be placed in this situation I personally would confront the manager of the company and explain my situation with regards to my research. I believe that stealing is vilify and should not take place no matter how big or small the offence is. Although I can understand why somebody may not say and not only put their research at rick but their social responsibility.The second scenario where the researcher will be confronted by ethical dilemmas is in carrying out the interrogates with some of the senior citizens that are receiving these Meals on Wheels. To carry ou t interviews you will need the consent of the person involved, some ancient clients may not like the prospect of being intimated with questions. The time-worn are of the vulnerable sector in our population and should be informed of why the interview is taking place and the effects that their answers could have on the survival and funding of the business while always remembering the objectivity of the research and expressing it in clearness to the senior citizens. The interview will involve asking how they feel about receiving their Meals on Wheels, how they approve of the service and how would they feel if this service was to be taken external from them? This could cause distress and emotional shock among the elderly, especially if they thought that their opinion meant the deciding factor of whether the company received funding to continue its business. Many of the elderly could largely depend on this service and there must be no deception in making them fully aware why the int erviews are taken place.The senior citizens should be made aware that the researcher will be evaluating and publishing their results to the company and will have to give an open and truthful account of what has been said in the interviews. The researcher is under the obligation from the code of ethics so as not to fabricate the data in anyway. The researcher, if a member of the local community, may feel tempted to fabricate the interview responses so as the company will receive their funding to finance this project as they realise how vital this scheme is for the elderly in this isolated rural area but as Kimmel noted personnel values may number a significant role in social research, therefore researchers must be careful enough to protect the integrity of their inquiries through careful data collection and analysis and accurate and objective reporting of their research findings.If I were the researcher in carrying out the interviews I would make the elderly entirely aware of the p roject and encourage them to see how they are beneficiaries of it. This in return will boost their confidence of the company and help portray a better interview for the research. After all if you were a senior citizen who lived in an isolated area and the only person you may see everyday is the delivery driver of Meals on Wheels, wouldnt you appreciate the service? Not only are they providing a food service but they also help to bring a warm and pally atmosphere into the home.In conclusion ethical decision making is neither a perfectly rational nor entirely timeless enterprise, and even after a considered judgement about the issues involved in a given situation has been made, doubts about whether or not ones subsequent behaviour was ethical may remain.As we continue to proceed with social research in applied settings, we can expect a growing wealth of documentation on the conditions under which certain(prenominal) interventions are successful in reducing certain social problems an d on what side effects might be anticipated as a result of their implementation.To proceed ethically it is important for social researchers to bear in mind that their first obligation is to those persons who cooperate with and participate in the research process, and that it is their interests that first must be considered during the preparatory stages of program development.ReferencesKimmel, A (1988) Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research Sage Publications London

Mount Etna: History and overview

mountain Etna History and overview tantalise Etna is likewise known as Mongibello in Italian. To antediluvian patriarch Greeks come on Etna is known as the god of fire. They also believe that Cyclops, who is a angiotensin converting enzyme eyed monster, lives there. People can go skiing on advance Etna in winter and you can go hill walking in the summer, but you overhear to be sympathize withful in human face it erupts when youre there. Mount Etna also has close to famous caves on it which people like to go and see. There is also a lot of wildlife on Mount Etna like Frogs, Toads and even few turtles are undercoat in some of the ponds and lakes, there are also a lot of birds and even some rare golden eagles. Mount Etna has a lot of trees so in autumn when the tree leafs change colour lots of people deign to see them. Mount Etna is strato volcano so its lava isnt as hot as a nonher(prenominal) types of volcanoes.It is on the east coast of Sicily quite near Messina and C atania. Mount Etna has the near amount of eruptions in the world. It is the biggest ready volcano in Europe, it is almost 3326m tall and it has an area of about 1190km. The volcanoes height changes every eruption and some of the eruptions have reached the cities near the coast. The mountain is about 21m smaller now than 1865 because of the weather eroding it a elan. Mount Etna is by far the biggest active volcano in Italy, being al intimately 3 times as big as Mount Vesuvius which is the next biggest volcano in Italy. Geologists think it has been active for over twain and a half million years.Mount Etna is champion of the most active Volcanoes in the world. Its usually a quiet Volcano non a violent one because it erupts so often. Mount Etna erupts most impressive when the vents and the top erupt. Ash storms only happen if the vents erupt. The lava from Mount Etna can sometimes get up to 1000 degrees Celsius.Thousands of people live near and on the slopes of Mount Etna, their houses and property get ruined quite a lot. The surrounded areas of Mount Etna are comfortably for Farms because crops and veget equal to(p)s grow well on the volcanic soil.One of the eruptions in 122BC caused so much damage to a nearby urban center called Catania that its residents were relieved from paying taxes to Rome for 10 years. Mount Etna has 3 vent creators on its slopes, which have lava, rocks, and gasses coming out of them.Mount Etna erupted most violently in 1669 when the lava demolished nearby villages on the bottom of the slope. Some other violent eruptions have happened in 1971, 1983, 2001-02 making the Italian government to cite a state of an emergency. All these eruptions have been dangerous but the one in 1669 when it hit the outskirts of Catania was by far the most violent.Mount Etnas Eruption 1669Mount Etnas eruption in 1669 is the worst eruption so far in its history. During Mount Etnas history it has erupted quite often, so people dont usually bother when it erupts because its not that violent, but the eruption on the 8th of March 1669 was by far the most violent. On the afternoon of the 11th of March a lot of vents from the volcano forth officeed between 2 nearby cities, these vents caused a couple of very dangerous explosions and a huge amount of lava came out of them and flowed downhill. It produced about 830,000,000m of lava. The eruption was caused by two months of earthquakes under and on the surrounding areas of Mount Etna. This was caused by the African crust pushing under the Eurasian crust. This made Mount Etna erupt. On the 11th of March a 9km gap cracked open from Monte Frumento Supino to Monte San Leo on the south side of the mountain. The biggest vent cracked open near Nicolosi and oozed with lava and it ended up shaped like a cylinder cone and it is now a popular tourist point and is called Mount Rossi.On the first day of the eruption a town called Nicolosi and two other villages nearby were destroyed by the dangerous pyroclastic flow which can get up to about a speed of 500mph.The next three days the lava was flowing south and another four villages were destroyed. At the end of March another two bigger towns were destroyed and the lava reached the outskirts of Catania at the end of April.At the beginning of the lava reaching Catania, the lava flow hit once morest the wall which was meant to stop the lava flow destroying Catinia. The wall was strong comme il faut for a while but on the 30th of April the lava reached the top of the wall and poured into the city which made the wall fall down. After a while of the lava acquiring into the city it reached the harbour and filled it up. Some of the people that live in Catinia built walls next to all the main roads to stop the lava going onto the roads which would cause some accidents and deaths. Other people that live nearby tried to direct the lava flow away from the city but they did not do that good of job.Effects of Mount Etnas Eruption 1669The e ffectuate left behind from the eruption in 1669 were talked about world childlike. More than 10 villages were destroyed and a lot much were badly damaged by the lava flow. The west side of Catania was also badly damaged. The west and southwest of the city which was the richer side of the city, with lots of fruit gardens, expensive villas and a few monuments from Greek and Roman time were turned into a wasteland from the vicious lava.Catania was now surrounded by lava in all directions apart from the ocean side. The pyroclastic flow damaged the south and south west of the city, unlike the eruption in 1381 when it destroyed part of the north side.The pyroclastic flow doesnt always do the most damage but it kills the most people because it can travel so fast, and people cant get away from it. About 200 000 people died and about 27 000 people were also left homeless from the devastating eruption.Plate TectonicsMost volcanoes in the world are on a constructive or destructive surface b oundary. Mount Etna is on a destructive plate boundary. A destructive plate boundary is when one plate is getting pushed under another plate. Mount Etna was made by the African plate pushing under the Eurasian plate which take shapes a volcano form. Mount Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei are two other volcanoes which are also made by the African Plate pushing under the Eurasian plate. Most active Volcanoes are positioned near or along the edge of plate boundaries. Scientists are trying lots of different ways to find a better way of seeing under the earths crust below a volcano.Bibliographyhttp//www.solcomhouse.com/etna.htmhttp//www.bestofsicily.com/etna.htmhttp//www.volcanolive.com/etna.htmlhttp//www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/etna.htmlhttp//www.destination360.com/europe/italy/mount-etnahttp//www.worldtravelguide.net/attraction/285/attraction_guide/Europe/Mount-Etna.htmlhttp//www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Articleid=366http//www.experiencefestival.com/a/Moun t_Etna_-_1669_eruption/id/1371107Myocardial Infarction (MI) Nursing Assessment and dole outMyocardial Infarction (MI) Nursing Assessment and CareThe purpose of this reflective essay is to critically analyse the clinical estimate and nursing allot of a affected role suffering from an Myocardial Infarction (MI). This essay also reflect my personal experience and knowledge I gained in a coronary care unit (CCU) which will be effective in my future development. I used Gibbs model to reflect on my experience of caring for a tolerant with a Non ST elevation MI or NSTEMI (Gibbs 1988).The National Service Framework (NSF) for coronary heart disease (CHD) set standards for the prevention, diagnosing and treatment of CHD (DH 2000).Myocardial Infarction (MI) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom (NICE 2002).Reflective practice is one of the key processes of reading within the health professions. It enables you to reflect on actions taken and analyse what you may have do differently and how you will handle similar situations in the future. Learning comes from how you handle different incidences and experiences and reflection is a key part of this. There are a number of models to choose from such as Johns model of reflection (1994), Kolbs learning cycle (1984) or Atkins and Murphys model of reflection (1994). However, this essay will use Gibbs model of reflection (1988) to critically analyse the clinical assessment and nursing care of a patient role suffering from a Myocardial Infarction (MI). This essay will use the model as devised by Gibbs as a framework.Gibbs model of reflection (1988) is based on six separate elements. It would be worth looking very briefly at each interpret before continuing. stratum 1 of this model is the description. It requires you to set out the context of the event such as who was there and what was happening? Stage 2 is fingerings. This is how you matte about the event and how you felt about the outcome. Stage 3 of Gibbs model is the evaluation. This requires you to consider the experience as a whole. What went well and what do you nip wasnt so successful. Stage 4 is an analysis of the event as a whole. It requires you to break down the event into its separate parts and look at each part in more detail. What sense can you make of the situation? Stage 5 is the conclusion. This stage invites you to question what you might have done differently or what more could you have done attached all the positions. The final stage of Gibbs model of reflection is an action plan. What would you do if you encountered the situation again? What about your actions would you change? This is the structure that this essay will follow.Stage 1 DescriptionI was working as a nurse in a Coronary Care Unit (CCU) in London. NMC guidelines (2004) requires healthcare providers to protect all patients confidential information. From this point I will be referring to the patient as enthalpy.Henry is a 45 year old male who was admitted into the Accident and emergency Unit of the hospital where I was working with crushing tit pains radiating to his left arm and his back. Henry had had no previous or family history of coronary disease. The initial observations showed that he had stage 2 high blood pressure (138/78), a heart rate of 85, respiration of 15 and a temperature of 36.5 degrees centigrade. Saturation was 100% at 28% group O via face mask. An cardiogram done in AE showed ST mental picture in leads 11,111 and AVF less than 1mm. TroponinI was32ng/ml.In AE an initial dose of aspirin and 300mgs of clopidogrel was given to Henry. 80mgs of Clexane was also given, along with 5mg of morphinesulphate. 2 puffs of GTN spray was also administered. He was then transferred to CCU for further management. I first came into contact with Henry that morning when he was handed over to me. He had been in a lasting condition when he was admitted to the CCU and had said that he had had a pain fre e night but later complained to one of the senior sisters that he had in fact been suffering but didnt want to disturb anyone since the pain occurred from 4am onwards.When I first encountered Henry he was pale, cold and clammy. GTN spray was administered and I also started oxygen at 28% as his saturation was at 98%. Henry had said his pain was in his central chest and back regions. His ECG results showed ST depression 2mm in leads 11,111,aVF. At this point his BP was 126/80,his heart rate was 100, his respiration rate was 19 and he had a temperature of 36 degrees centigrade. Once I had informed the record-keeper of this I started a GTN infusion and his blood pressure dropped to 110/76.I then wanted to assess the level of pain that Henry had said he was in. I used a numerical rating scale to de considerationine the level of his pain. This numerical scale provides a valuable measure of the understanding of the brashness of pain (Thompson et al, 1994). He had initially scored an 8 out of 10 but after the GTN infusion was administered this dropped down to 5.He was then started on 50mgs of Tirofiban in 200mls of ruler saline and 20,000units of heparin infusion. During this time the registrar arranged for an emergency angiogram at a nearby hospital in London. I arranged for the transfer to be made in the hour. Upon his return, angiogram on his return I check out his angio site for bleeding. I did an ECG and placed him on a cardiac monitor. I checked pedal pulse and did circulatory check in his right leg every hour. I advised him to stay in bed for few hours to subjugate bleeding.When it was discovered that Henry had an Inferior NSTEMI he was scheduled to have an emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) which is performed by passing a balloon tipped catheter from an arteria in the groin or arm and guided to the blocked artery of the heart (American Heart Association, 2008).The balloon is then inflated and removed, leaving in metalstent whi ch squashes the fat deposit that has been blocking the artery and therefore allowing blood to flow more easily. Jowett and Thompson (2003) argue that this method is very useful in alleviating symptoms and improving the prognosis of the patient.I was able to explain the procedure to Henry and then prepared him for the operation by shaving his groin and checking his bloods (including a coagulation screen). I also inserted venflon for intravenous access administered medications such as aspirin, informed the next of kin. The angiography had shown that Henry had 70-90% stenosis in proximal and midsegment section of vessel. The left coronary artery was free of occlusion therefore patient had PCI with drugeluting stents in the right coronary artery.The procedure was successful and I was able to start Henry on the first phase of his cardiac rehabilitation before his discharge. This involves a risk factor assessment and giving advice on how to lead a healthier life through reducing stress , having a healthier diet and taking regular exercise. I also gave him advice on his new drug regiment which would be an important part of his rehabilitation. Of course, longer term rehabilitation is required for patients who have gone through what Henry has gone through. He agreed to attend a exercise program once a week to be conducted in the hospital.A Myocardial Infarction (MI) can have a huge psychological effect on a patient. The changes that a patient is required to make to their lifestyle after suffering an MI can also have a damaging psychological consequences. Before Henry was disaerated I had him fill out a questionnaire that would help determine his depression and anxiety levels based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale.Stage 2 FeelingsAs a nurse I know that it is impossible to give round the clock, exclusive care to just one patient. I had other patients to attend to on that day who requested my care just as much as Henry. However, I still felt frustrate d that Henry was in so much discomfort and I was also annoyed with myself for not having picked up on this when he had been initially handed over to me. It was left up to the senior sister to sort out me that he had been pain during the night. I also felt frustrated that he didnt feel like he could tell anyone about the pain that he had been experiencing.I felt that on the whole my communication skills had been lacking on this occasion. Had my communication skills been better, I could have picked up on the pain Henry was in much instead. This is perhaps the strongest feeling I have about this experience.Overall I felt relieved that I was able to discharge Henry. CHD is a massive killer in the UK and working on the CCU one experiences many outcomes that arent as positive as Henrys. Of course, I know his life is going to have to dramatically change as a result of his MI but I felt like I had done my best to prepare him for these changes.Stage 3 EvaluationThis stage requires a reflec tion of the experience as a whole and to look at the aspects that were successful and also to look at aspects that werent so successful.Overall I was pleased at the outcome of this experience. However, there are always areas that could be improved on. Perhaps the greatest failure came from not knowing soon enough of the chest pain that Henry had suffered through the night. Had his pain been reported or picked up on sooner then I could have possibly prevented some of the myocardial damage. The GTN infusion could have been administered sooner. The purpose of this infusion is partly because it is useful for analgesia but also because it is useful for the control of ischaemia as it relaxes the smooth muscles, arteries and veins lead to vasodilatation (Hatchett and Thompson, 2007). Had I known of Henrys chest pain right from the start it would have been possible for me to administer this as soon as he was handed over to me.The CCU I work in follows the ESC guidelines for management of NS TEMI. In accordance with this, I started Tirofiban and Heparin infusion. Tirofiban is a nonpeptide mimetic antagonist of glycoprotein 11b/111a receptor. Because Henry was limited by unstable signs and symptoms, protocol states that Tirofiban in combination with Heparin and acetylsalicylic acid will have lower incidence of ischemia.I thought that the care that Henry received before his PTCA and the speed in which he was able to have this surgery was a great success. The PTCA was also a particularly successful. In the BHF Randomised Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA3) trial of patients with NSTEMI, invasive strategies (PTCA or CABG) were found to be better when compared with more conservative strategies (Collnolly et al, 2002).I also felt that the care Henry received after his PTCA was very successful. The long term effects of this are yet to be realised but in the short term I felt that Henry responded very well to the lifestyle changes he was being asked to make. The long term care of patients who have suffered from CHD requires coordination across many different health care professions. It is often for patients to s mouth through the cracks and skip the parts of the rehabilitation that they find too hard. However, I felt that Henry was determined to get back to a normal life as soon as possible.Stage 4 AnalysisThe purpose of Gibbs model of reflection (1988) is to learn from your experiences. I feel that this stage has been adequately covered by the description given in Stage 1. In this previous section I have given a step by step breakdown of the events as they unfolded. severally part from Henrys admission, to his treatment to the initial stages of his rehabilitation have been covered in sufficient detail above.Stage 5 ConclusionAs already mentioned, one of the areas which I felt was most inadequate throughout this whole experience was communication. Jowett and Thompson (2003) argue that in the highly technical and invasive atmospheric state of a CCU , good communication can sometimes be lacking. Ashworth (1984) argues that a patient needs to feel like healthcare professionals such as nurses need to be helpful, competent and approachable. Nurses in turn have to recognise the individual needs of the patients in their care. This is an area where there were obvious failures. Henry didnt feel able to express the fact that he was in pain because he didnt want to be a nuisance. In an CCU where it is a highly charged atmosphere, it is possible that the patient may feel quite a lot of discomfort but wont speak up because they may feel that they are inconveniencing someone or also they may feel that everyone in the CCU is probably feeling worse than them so they should just deal with the pain and not speak up. This failure to communicate is both the fault of the patient and the healthcare professional but the healthcare professional should be able to recognise when a patient is in pain.Stage 6 Action PlanClinically I feel all the proper guidelines and protocols were applied in the case of Henry. As has already been stated, what was lacking is the communication. I am likely to encounter similar situations again as a nurse in a CCU. CHU is a leading health concern in the UK so it is important that one is able to learn from experiences and use them when encountering similar situations. The role of nurse in a CCU is one that is rapidly evolving and changing so it is important to learn from experiences and apply this learning to everyday practice.What my experience with Henry has taught me is that I need to treat each patient as individuals with individual problems and with differing levels of communication skills. Some patients are good at communicating what they feel while others arent. Spotting that Henry was in pain sooner may have led to less damage of his heart tissue. Of course the damage had already been done before he came into hospital but I may have missed signs that I should have picked up on when he was ini tially handed over to me. As nurses we should be striving to make the patients in our care as comfortable as possible. This especially important in a CCU where patients are having to deal with a variety of problems and a wide range of emotions. It is easy to get caught up in the highly charged atmosphere and not see the patients as individuals. This is something that I aim to work on in my future career as a nurse.Bibliography and ReferencesBassand, J., Hamm,C,Ardissino D et al (2007) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Non-ST-segment Elevation acute coronary syndromeThe task force for the diagnosis and treatment of Non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes of the European society of cardiology. European Heart Journal 281598-1660.B .Scheller,U.speck,M.Bohm Prevention of restenosis is angioplasty the answer. Heart 2007(93) 539-541.Derek L Connolly,Gregory YH lip and Bernard SP chin.Anti thrombotic strategies in acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary inte rvention.ABC of antithrombotic therapy BMJ.2002 325(7377) 1404-14E coady Managing patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome Nursing standard 2006(20) 49-56.Fox KA (2004) Management of acute coronary syndromes an update.Heart 2004(90-1) 99-106.Gibbs ,G.(1988) Learning by doing A guide to teaching and learning methods.oxford.Hatchett,R. and Thompson,D. (2001) Cardiac NursingA comprehensive Guide,London,Churchill Livingstone.Harvey D white (2008) Implications of a new everyday definition.Heart 2008(94-6) 679-683.Henriksson M Epstein,D.M and Palmer SJ (2008) costeffectiveness of an early interventional strategy in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome.Heart 2008(94) 717-723.Jowett,N and Thompson,D.(2003) Comprehensive coronary care.3rd edn.LondonBailliere Tindall.Libby P (2001) Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes.Circulation. 2001(104-3), 365-372.Mathew B.earnest and Peter N. tadros march1,2007 adviser vol 47(3)National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease (2000) A report on the clinical and cost effectiveness of physiotherapy in cardiac rehabilitation LondonNSF.Nursing and Midwifery council (2002) code of professional conduct.London.Nursing and Midwifery councilO Connor, S (1995) The cardiac patientnursing interventions.LondonMosby.Ornish,D.,Brown,S.E.,Scherwitz,L.w., et al.(1990)Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart diseaseLancet,336,129-133.Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2002) Cardiac rehabilitationNational Clinical Guidelines. EdinburghSIGNThompson, P (1996) The effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation.Nursing in critical care 1(3)215-220.Thygesen, K .,Joseph S., et al.(2007)Universal Definition Of Myocardial InfarctionTask Force For The Redefinition Of Myocardial Infarction.European Heart Journal(28) 2525-2538.World Health Organisation (1993) Needs And Actions Priorities In Cardiac Rehablitation And subaltern Prevention In Patients With Coronary Heart Disease.WHO Technical Report Service 831,Geneva, WHO .Wood,D., Mcleod, A., Davis,Miles,A.(2002) Effective Secondary Prevention and Cardiac Rehablitation.LondonAusculapius Medical Press.Woods, S.L., Sivarajan Froelicher,E.S. and Underhill Motzer, S.(2004) Cardiac Nursing, 5th edition, Philadelphia, Lippincott.

International Accounting Standards (IAS) 37 Requirements

International Accounting Standards (IAS) 37 RequirementsIntroductionSince IAS 37 is published, companies obeying by international standards potty solve the difficulty of how to sleep with and measure prep atomic number 18dness, contingent indebtedness and contingent asset. It wills an explicit direction for companies to disclose incurred transactivenesss associated with liabilities. However, potential or likely such words ar snarly many times in this standard which jakes allow options and creative narrativeing for companies on whether to recognize it as a provision on the equaliser cruise or a contingent indebtedness under the nones. This will further mislead investors decisions. Thus in this essay, we will re-evaluate it and give an in-depth understanding of it.This narration will commencement ceremony give round background of IAS37, and what the major requirements of this standard argon and why those requirements are important. Further much(prenominal), the report will critically evaluate the IAS37 from aspects of 1) options allowed 2) applicability of this standard internationally 3) opportunities for creative score 4) the weaknesses of this standard 5) how this standard can be improved.2. Background of IAS 37The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) issued IAS37 Provisions, contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets in September 1998. It replaced parts of IAS10 Contingencies (IAS37 BV2008) and became operative for annual financial statements covering accomplishments beginning on or after 1 July 1999 (IAS37, BV2008).Before the announcement of IAS37, opposite countries do various ways to verify their pabulum, which bring the problem of inconsistency. Some enterprises confirm their victuals, depending on whether to undertake current liability or not. While some other(a) enterprises are according to managers willingness of proceeding future payments to confirm their preparations. Therefore, the results areDifferent typ es of business enterprises guide assorted classification of alimentation, so it creates inconsistency. This jeopardizes comparability of different enterprises financial statements.It provides the opportunity for certain enterprises to manipulate their profits. For example, the cost should be recognized in the period but whitethorn be moved to other period to confirm the cost should be confirmed in future but may be moved to the current period. Therefore, to achieve the fit of profits in each period is peerless of purposes of this regulation.Some enterprises include some liabilities that do not meet the conditions of the requirements into their balance sheet. This apparently damages the current financial accompaniment of the company.The objective of this standard is to ensure that appropriate recognition criteria and measurement bases are utilize to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and that sufficient information is break in the notes to enable users t o understand their nature, quantify and sum total (International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), 2009). The key principle of IAS37 is that a provision should be recognized only when a liability exists. be after future expenditures are not recognized as provisions or contingencies, even if the board of directors has authorized them.3. IAS 37 Major requirementsAn entity should recognize a provision as a liability based on the following three criteria met simultaneously(a) there is a present agreement or more than potential than not that a present obligation exists at the end of the balance sheet date as a result of an obligating event(b) it is probable (i.e. more likely than not i.e. 50%95%) that an outflow of the scotch benefit of the entity will exist(c) the amount of the outflow can be estimated reliably (IAS37 BV2008).If the first criterion is met but it is possible (i.e.5%-50%) NOT probable that an outflow of economic benefit of the entity exists and the amount of the outflow cannot be measured reliably OR if possible obligation exists and the outflow of the economic benefit of the entity is not remote (i.e. 0%-5%), then contingent liability will arise.In respect of contingent liability an entity should disclose it instead of recognizing unless the possibility of the outflow of the economic benefit of the entity is remote (IAS37 BV2008).As regards a contingent asset, it should be just disclosed as fountainhead as contingent liability, unless the amount of the inflow of the contingent asset is virtually certain (i.e.95%-100%). When the inflow of the contingent asset is virtually certain, then it is appropriate to be recognized as an asset on the balance sheet (IAS37 BV2008).When recognizing a provision, the amount of the outflow of the economic benefit of the entity should be based on the outstrip estimate, i.e. this amount should be the same as the entity needs to pay to settle the obligation in due course (IAS37 BV2008).When measuring a provis ion, things such as, risks and uncertainties, discounted provisions (if time value of money is material), changes in the law or other cases which can affect provisions, should be taken into account but do not take into account gains from the expected disposal of assets (IAS37 BV2008).When reimbursement happens, an entity recognizes it if it is virtually certain and the amount recognized should not be more than the amount of the provision. The reimbursement should be recognized as a separate asset in the balance sheet. If the reimbursement and the expense relating to a provision are sustained in the same reporting period, then the expenses disclosed in the comprehensive P L can be netted off by the amount recognized as a reimbursement (IAS37 BV2008).The provision should be reviewed annually and adjusted according to latest best estimates. Changes in the provision can only be used for its original intention (IAS37 BV2008).Provisions-three specific operations mentioned by this standa rd, namely future operating losses, onerous contracts, restructurings. With regard to future operating losses no recognition should be do as a provision. In terms of onerous contracts, the unavoidable cost in excess of the benefit which can be received by the entity should be recognized as a provision. In related to restructurings, restructuring costs should be recognized when the criteria for provisions are met (IAS37 BV2008).4. The grandness of IAS37 requirementsAccording to Deloitte, IAS37 designates to ensure that recognition of provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets are make by using the best methods and measurements, to ensure that users of financial statements receive adequate and appropriate information for investment decision-making processes. In addition, IAS37 aims to ensure that it only deals with the real obligation in the financial statements and future expenditure, even if excluded from recognition by the responsible board.The importance of fetchi ng the criteria into account, when the entity recognises the provision, is to prevent any unnecessary provision from being recognize in order to enhance the entitys value in subsequent periods in unsubstantiated ways, leading to provision of unreliable information to financial statement users (ACCA, 2009). The importance of the liability and asset disclosure requirements could be viewed as returning to the Conservatism Principle in accounting which advises on ignoring profits not yet achieved, taking all expected losses into account and not registering potential gains until they occur. In other words this requirement prevents an entity from providing unrealised profits and subsequent information that qualification mislead users.IAS37 provides guidelines regarding best estimates of provisions associated with its objectives, aiming to provide an appropriate way of measurement in order to gift sufficient and appropriate information. The standard requires the entity to take into acco unt estimating process risks, uncertainties and other elements in order to achieve the best estimate for the provision. Following this requirement can prevent unrealistic values being inform in the entitys financial statement. The requirements for solving the problem of reimbursement and illustrating the three specific applications are equally comprehensive, so that accountants know how to resolve them. Otherwise, it is likely that each entity might consume its own method of troubleshooting which differs from others when facing such cases in reality, resulting in a lack of comparability among entities. In these instances investors may be misled when making investment decisions. In summary the importance of IAS37 is that it is intended to reduce the possibility of deliberate misstatement of an entitys provisions, contingent assets and liabilities.5. Critical Evaluation of IAS 375.1 Options allowedIn the measurement of IAS 37, there are several(prenominal) ways to measure provisions in order to commit best estimate. Owing to these different ways, companies could control the amount of their provisions. All the information some provisions, such as amount and timing, are realized and disclosed by the companies. So a company could make the number of provision larger on the balance sheet when it is making a profit during the period. In addition, a company could calculate the number of provision smaller to make sure their balance sheets exempt look good when it is losing money during the year. This is an option that companies can change a number from their balance sheets showing different operating conditions and improve financial performance. In this way, decisions of investors could be misled, because investors of a company will not be possible to discover a present obligation or the estimation of the amount of the payment, companies could use this potential option to hide their real operating condition and make creditors and shareholder believe the companies a re performing well.In the second place, contingent liabilities are disclosed in the financial statement, especially in the notes, while provisions are disclosed in balance sheet as provisions are recognized as liabilities. It is absolutely sure that balance sheet will be paid more attention by reports users than notes. In order to make balance sheet attractive, the company will prefer to disclose adverse cases as contingent liabilities in the note on which the information appears less transparent. This action may affect investors decisions. And this kind of action may not be discerned because in general, both provisions and contingent liabilities are uncertain in timing or amount. This is another option under IAS 37 that companies could use to produce an advantageous financial report for them.5.2 Applicability of IAS37 InternationallyCompanies from more than 100 countries have been required or permitted to use IFRS since 2001. Meanwhile, remaining countries, such as Japan, have esta blished timelines for harmonization with IFRS. (IASB, 2010)However, IAS 37 may face some difficulties when being applied world widely.Owing to the different cultural attitudes, companies may not voluntarily disclose information about contingent liabilities and contingent assets in notes of their financial reports in some countries whose residents are secretive, such as Switzerland and Japan. On the inappropriate, Companies from transparent countries will disclose more detail information about their operation.Additionally, some countries have more requirements about provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets than IAS 37 does. Because their accounting profession, as well as accounting standards, is well developed. For example, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of America has special requirements about companies who use IAS37 instead of GAAP. First, more information about recognized provisions need to be disclosed with further details about the nature, types and a mounts being reported. Additionally, other provisions should be labelled and explained. Second, provisions recorded for estimated product returns, when recognizing revenues, are required to be given in more detail regarding the amount and location, and whether they are properly disclosed. SEC also considers the exact amount of this kind of provision that should be included the amount when the financial period began and ended, followed by the amount made and used during the period. Third, it is strongly recommended that all information about estimated provisions and liabilities should be disclosed clearly. Fines and losses owing to currency allocation and pricing about onward sales, disclosure about these provisions and contingent liabilities is necessary (Deloitte, 2009b). In these countries where the accounting profession is across-the-boardy developed, companies maybe prefer to use their own accounting standards. The application of IAS 37 could be easier in counties where accoun ting profession is less developed, such as Russia and Japan.5.3 Opportunities for creative accountingThe essential rule of accounting is to be authentic however creative accounting can occur and may be caused by human error, lack of professional ethics, squalid motives and so on. Simply put, the aim of creative accounting is to artificially state profits. Methods of creative accounting can be considered in four aspects1. Options give companies opportunities to make creative accounting. Provisions should be reflected in balance sheet but contingent liabilities only be disclosed in the notes. People focus more on balance sheet than the notes. Therefore, accounts may prefer to disclose some contingent liabilities rather than recognise the provisions.2. Many accounting items need estimation and anticipation. Especially in IAS37, the items are full of uncertainty and arbitrariness. Although IAS37 makes rules for measurement, overrating or underrating still happens. As we mentioned befor e, the options allowed companies to control the amount of provisions. For instance, when a company wants to calculate the prospective pension liability, they will use up an actuary who should be familiar with the inside background and control the valuation on the basis of the financial performance.3. A common method of creative accounting is artificial transactions which can be reflected in the balance sheet. This case needs assistance from other entities, for example, supposing entity A pretends to claim indemnity from entity B, so they can form contingent assets and recognise them as assets.4. Creative accounting also plays tricks on real transactions, for example, suppose an entity has a contingent liability of50,000, the accountant may disclose this item in the next year to guarantee the financial situation in that year (Amat et al. 1999).5.4 Weaknesses of IAS37There are no prevalent problems active in IAS37, however, it still has limitations which were discussed at the April 2009 IASB meeting.Inconsistency with other standards, especially the probability of recognition criteria Liabilities are recognized only if it is probable that there is an outflow of economic benefits according to IAS37 (IAS37 BV2008, p.5) .Contrarily, other standards, such as IFRS 3 Business Combinations, have no requirement to use probability recognition criteria for contingent liabilities when an entity is in a business combination (Deloitte, 2009d). This inconsistency is potentially confusing.The unclarity on explain identification of liabilities. The term contingent liability is used to describe varies things. Specifically, it is puzzling to use one term to represent both possible obligations and unrecognised present obligations in the practical examples (Broad, 2006, p.14). Since the existence of the present obligation is the fundamental feature of a liability, it is take to describe a possible obligation as liability even with a adjective contingent .And it is contradictory to use contingent liability to represent a present obligation. However removing it from the standard may hide some potentially significant risks, such as litigation, illegal acts, and environmental laws. These items do not satisfy the definition of liabilities because they are uncertain on the balance sheet date but they are useful for decision making.IAS37 is ambiguous when measuring a single obligation. It is universally interpreted that the most likely yield may be the best estimate of the liability when measuring a single obligation, (IAS37 BV2008, p. 17).This is contrary to the current settlement notion which states that expected value should be the base when entities measure all liabilities, which may mislead. Basically, the estimation technique of expected value has more merits since it obtains information about the range of possible cash flows and reflects new information about a liability as that information becomes available (Broad, 2006, p.19).The term provisions is usel ess and there is an existing risk if eliminated. At present, the standard defines a provision as a liability of uncertain timing or amount (IAS37 VB2008, p.10) therefore it is another form of liability. However, the difference amidst a provision, other liabilities and the new analysis of contingent liabilities is vague. The standard does not offer adequate history on how to distinguish them, for example, the uncertainty about timing or amount relates to cash flows .So it is difficult to recognize a liability for a product warranty. In other words, there is a choice between a provision and a contingent liability.5.5 IMPROVEMENTSIn order to improve the standard IAS37, several suggestions can be madeEliminate the probability of recognition criteria.Eliminate the label contingent liability, and update the way in order to help entities to identify liabilities. guardianship should be paid to potential liabilities in various scenarios in which a transaction embodies the nature of a lia bility. The IASB panel should publicise and add new applications to the IAS liability standards to help entities apply it to special cases.Clarify that entities should establish basic measurements of all liabilities based on expected value, not on most likely outcomeEliminate the terminology provision and replace it with another phrase such as non-financial liability which is important to make a clear distinction between liabilities.A clear disclosure need to be established6. ConclusionISA37 improves accounting standards as there were no specific regulations or provisions previously (Houillon, 1999). Therefore, the key principle for ISA 37 is the recognition of provisions. It requires that a provision should be recognized when the following conditions are met simultaneously there is a present obligation or a present obligation exists at the end of the balance sheet date as a result of an obligating event, there is a probable outflow of the economic benefit and the outflow can be es timated reliably. Within these stipulations, IAS37 ensures recognition is made using appropriate measurements and provides valuable information for users of financial statements. to the highest degree countries in the world now apply IAS 37 but it may still face some difficulties when being applied globally. IAS37 gives companies options to choose whether recognise provisions or disclose contingent liabilities. Furthermore, some items in IAS37 need estimation and anticipation and provide opportunities for creative accounting, for these reasons, IAS37 is not perfect. The inconsistency with other standards and vapoury explanations of liabilities and constructive obligations provide the basis for some suggestions to improve ISA37. The probability of recognition criteria may be eliminated. Meanwhile, we probably need to pay some attention to potential liabilities and update the guidance in order to help entities to identify liabilities.

Men and Women Playing a non-traditional Sport for their Gender :: Sociology Essays Research Papers

The Social and Cultural Costs and Benefits of Men and Women Playing a non-traditional Sport for their GenderThe lines that separate the sexes in sport corroborate been historically rooted in societys way of thinking. Though these lines ask lately begun to fade, they be still embedded in the attitudes of the majority of the public. Women and men alike have been and still seated in their respective sports without much room or access to cross that gender line. These limitations take various forms, such as the approachability of opportunities that are given to those that wish to enter certain sports to the media portrayals of athletes crossing these gender boundaries.The costs and sacrifices for an aspiring athlete entering a non-traditional sport for their gender are sometimes overwhelming and detrimental to their sport career. These athletes often experience the frustration of finding training facilities catering to their gender. More so, the lack of financial support from family o r even endorsements hinder athletes from pursuing the best training available. Aside from financial considerations, finding willing mentors and coaches willing to blind themselves from the sex of the athlete doesnt come as easy as for instance, Diana in Girlfight. Most importantly, the emotional support that is greatly important in the mental preparedness of an athlete is often not existent. boyish children are often discouraged and not offered opportunities to pursue desired sports if they are considered gender bending. In Billy Elliot, though Billy has a real vexation and talent for ballet, it is after much time that his family accepts it. Billys father and brother, employed in mining, a traditionally masculine field, are initially disapproving of his aspirations mostly because of the stigmas on sexuality placed on male ballet dancers. These stigmas appear throughout numerous sports women who body build or play rough sports like rugger or hockey are often looked at as justch a nd thus characterized as lesbians. In Pumping Iron II, Bev appears to have been in the best shape, but she is deemed too masculine to win a body building competition. Similarly, men who ice skate or are cheerleaders are considered feminine or gay. On the same note, the strengths of men in these non-traditionally male sports are often doubted it is speculated that the male might be weak and cannot handle manlier sports. Even women who enter male dominate sports are considered to be too tender to play.

First Persian Gulf War: 1990-1991 Essay -- history

First Persian Gulf War 1990-1991The First Persian Gulf War between 1990 and 1991 was the most(prenominal) militarily efficient campaign in US history where comparatively few lives were lost. This war accomplished many goals, including that it secured the economic advantages for the Western World. It encourage a free flow of natural resources, established the value of air power and superiority, and verified that a free alliance for justice will admit over armed aggression. In the end, the fall in States goals were accomplished Kuwait was liberated from ibn Talal Hussein and peace settled into the Middle East (Rayment). The Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan on December 27, 1979. This posed a threat on the United States because of their oil ties in this area. On January 23, 1980 President Jimmy Carter responded with a averment called the Carter Doctrine. In this, Carter stated that, An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an a ssault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force. (Richie, 25). Ten years later, United States officials were reminded of the Doctrine as signs of an Iraqi onset of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein began to appear. With a portion of the worlds oil of eleven percent, this invasion would add another nine percent. Not only was this dangerous but if Iraq continued a southern advance, he would gain the oil of Saudi Arabia. Saddam could possibly control forty-six percent of the worlds oil supply and manipulate the global economy (Richie, 25).On July 17, 1990, photos from a KH-11 spy broadcast showed that Iraqi military equipment was being positioned near the Kuwait border .General Colin Powell was not concerned with this advancement because the lineup did not include necessary equipment such as fuel trucks and artillery that would be needed for an invasion. Powell believed that this was just a pr actice exercise or a bluff because Saddam had been pressing Kuwait to trim the oil production in order to keep the prices high (Richie, 26). Kuwait was a small country that had once been part of the Ottoman Empire kindred Iraq. Then Kuwait had become a British Protectorate from which it had been granted its independence. Its borders had been set in a subjective manner causing it to be problematical to de... ...s pride, and possibly his life. Saddam and his troops were not the only ones to have made faults (Marshel). Had the United States carried out their task, Saddam would not have repressed his own people, break peace agreements and worked on weapons of mass destruction (Rayment). The United States was able to keep Saddam from succeeding in his attempt to conquer the Middle East 8 years ago, but they stopped when they should have pursued the most (Marshel). Without the errors that both sides had made, the present day world would have been affected in a wholly different way. Works CitedAllen, Thomas B., et al. War in the Gulf. Atlanta, Georgia Turner Pub., 1991.Bush, George. Persian Gulf War. Annals of American History. 3 Mar. 2004 Desert Storm 1 1990-1991. Gulf War. 2003. 3 Mar. 2004 .Lee, Roger A. The Persian Gulf War (1990-1991). The History Guy. 14 Aug. 2001. 3 Mar. 2004 Marshel, Jim. Mistakes of the Gulf War. Unpublished essay, 13 Mar. 1998. 3 Mar. 2004 . Rayment, W. J. The Gulf War. 2004. 3 Mar. 2004 . Richie, Jason. Persian Gulf War, 1991. Iraq and the Fall of Saddam Hussein. Minneapolis, Minnesota Oliver Press, 2003.