There are many paradigms on the origins of strategy

There are many paradigms on the origins of strategy. Critically evaluate the various schools of thought existing in both the prescriptive and emergent schools. Use each of the schools as ‘Lens' to analyse organisation known to you. A strategy is a statement of intent, defining where an organisation wants to be in the long term. It is about understanding what processes are involved and how to avoid difficulties to help plan successful strategies. Strategy was once defined as â€Å"the art of planning and directing large military movements and the operations of war.† However, from an organisation point of view it is about mapping out the company's future and setting out which of its products or services they will tackle to which market and how this will be done. When an organisation has a strategy it enables them to ensure that decisions made on a day-to-day basis fit in with its long term interests. Strategies are also important as any decisions an organisation makes today can have a negative impact on its future results. A strategy will also help encourage employees, departments etc to work together to achieve common goals There are many beliefs on the origins of strategy and many authors have written about this. In 1996, Michael Porter wrote an article that appeared in the Harvard Business Review in which he argued that competitive strategy is was about being different. He also stated, â€Å"It means deliberately choosing a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value† Porter (1996) Porter believed that strategy was about having a competitive advantage, distinguishing your products and services in the eyes of your customers, and about adding value through a mix of activities different from your competitors. According to Benjamin Tregoe and John Zimmerman of Kepner-Tregoe, Inc defined strategy in their book â€Å"Top Management Strategy† as â€Å"the framework which guides those choices that determine the nature and direction of the organisation† They believed that an organisation should select products or services to offer and the market to offer them in. However, Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel (1998) brought together elements of existing prescriptive and emergent schools of strategic thought into ten separate schools. The first three schools are grouped under the heading ‘Prescriptive Schools' which consisted of the design, planning and positioning schools. These schools believed in how strategies should be formulated rather than how they necessarily do form. The next six schools are grouped under the heading 'emergent schools'. These schools consist of the entrepreneurial, cognitive, learning, power, cultural and environmental schools. These schools concentrate less with prescribing ideal strategic behaviour, but more with describing how strategies are in fact made. Finally, the final school to be mentioned is the configuration school, which combines the methods and beliefs from all the previous schools mentioned. By describing each school in turn, we can critically evaluating each of these schools, then we can then go onto to use each of the schools as a ‘lens' to analyse different organisations. The first of the prescriptive schools is the ‘Design school' and this approach regards strategy formation as a process of conception, matching the internal state of the organisation to the external state of the environment. The origins of this school can be traced back to two writers Philip Selznick who in 1957 discussed the need to bring organisations internal state with its external opportunity whilst writer Alfred Chandler in (1962) recognised the design schools idea of business strategy and its connection to structure. The philosophy of this strategy formation is that it seeks to establish a fit between internal potential and external possibilities. The managing director, Dr Surendra, founded Rasmi electronics in 1974. They have grown to become one of the world's major filter manufacturers as well as being a major supplier of low voltage lighting transformers, energy lighting etc The strategy precedes structure in this type of organisation. Within the company they still adopt a hierarchal structure in which all decisions from marketing to production is made by the MD. They continually look for new market opportunities, which are a high priority within the company, by analysing the global market on a global basis and the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis is a common tool that is used. However, in 2002, Rasmi Electronics designed a series of filters in which they distributed via a company called OmronYaskawa. They did not successfully analysed their market in Spain and this lead to another rival company producing a similar product. Fortnuatley due to the relationship Rasmi Electronics had with the customer this manage to keep the contract. This type of strategy formation places a great importance upon the ability to forecast the future external environment otherwise the strategy will be unsuccessful. According to Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel (1998) the advantage of this type of school is that it forces consideration of external factors and will be more appropriate in organisation that needs re-orientation. Around the same time as the design school, the planning school also originated. The main influence was by a writer H. Igor in his book ‘Corporate Strategy' published in 1965. Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel (1998) classified this strategy formation as a ‘Formal Process'. It follows a precise set of steps from analysis of the situation to the development and exploration of various alternative scenarios. â€Å"If we examine these principles closely, we find that the classical theorists were in effect designing the organisation exactly like they were designing a machine† (Morgan 1997) This type of strategy is normally developed by a team of specialists who specifically trained in the science of developing strategies. An example of this was seen in a company called Oldelft. Oldelft is a small high tech company whom operates in a global market. They specialise in products requiring advances knowledge of optics, electronics, electron optics etc. Their products normally have a short product life cycle and competition was both global and fierce. In 1975, the company saw a decline in their fortune therefore the executive board at the time pointed towards a cost reduction drive as a urgent step towards retrieving some of its profit back. However, at the time Oldelft had no adequate staff available that were trained or had the knowledge to do an overhead analysis they therefore decided to recruit a policy advisory council ‘Beleids Advies Radd) (BAR). This was the first of many different groups that Oldelft recruited between 1975 and 1981 all reporting to the executive board. The different groups, which were set up saw the process become more important than the product and according to Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel (1998) this type of process can lead to no place for creativity. Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel (1998) advised that it was important that an organisation had a formal strategic planning department within the organisation. In 1981, Oldelft saw its first successful strategic planning school come into operation and is was lead by a man called Ab Baas. Ab Bass made it compulsive for managers to contribute towards the planning cycle and by contributing information about the business segments within the organisation and the external factors. In this school of thought, the method in which strategy development occurs is by thorough strategic planning methodologies and scenario analysis. The company compiled a completed situation analysis, which was made up with an analysis of the industry maturity and the weighing up of the business segments competitive positions. Eventually this lead to Oldelft to recover its former profitability and even saw an increase in R&D expenditure. The final school of the prescriptive is the positioning school in which Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel state it is the strategy formation as an analytical process. This approach is very much influenced by Michael Porter. His works looks at placing organisations within the context of the industry in which they are. It also looks at how the organisation improves competitively within that industry. In 1995 Easyjet airlines a low fair airline introduced low cost flights within the European market. Haji Ioannou the owner of Easyjet believed that by reducing prices will lead to more people flying. He also believed that positioning is company was concerned with establishing the company in the mind of the customer, in a position relative to other airlines in the market The formation of this strategy is a mixture of defensive and offensive moves. Easyjet regularly uses the ‘Guerrilla promotional approach' to advertising by using distinguishing attacks on the airline establishment and in a serious of PR stunts. The principle is that the structure of industry drives strategic positions, which then drives the structure of an organisation. In the summer, 2002 Easyjet faced its first problem in the fact it was growing to fast within its market. This meant there was a difficulty in recruiting and training pilots and flights crew, which influenced the consumers, has believed this would affect the safety on the flights etc. Easyjet admitted that they should have looked at the various elements that depend on each other and how they change over time. By doing a SWOT analysis, this would have given an insight of the internal resources and the main features of the competitive landscape in which it operates. Some of the tools and methods used within this company are Michael Porter's Generic Strategies and the ‘Profit Impact of Market Strategies' (PIMS). In addition, according to Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel (1998) is that the advantage of this school is that it emphasis on the analysis and calculation of the previous mentioned tools can be very strong support to the process of developing the strategy however; it should not become the process. The fourth school Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel go onto to discuss is the ‘Entrepreneurial School' in which is the first of the group under the ‘Emergent Schools'. This approach regards strategy formation as a visionary process, taking place within the mind of the charismatic founder or leader of an organisation. An organisation that forms strategy as a visionary process, is the company called ‘Fortnum and Mason'. Fortnum and mason is an established food hall for over 300 years and is family owned. The chairperson is currently ‘Jana Khayat' whom took over after her father who stepped down in 2000. â€Å"To choose direction, a leader must first have developed a mental image of a possible and desirable future state of the organization† (De Wit, 1998) The company is now in the process of going international and are intending to open their first shop in Tokyo later on this year. However, going international has cost the company a drop in profits of 40% due to their reshuffling of their distribution channels to make going international possible. Mintzberg, Ashland and Lampel (1998) advise that this school of thought does not really use any tools or methods for strategy development as it is normally in the mind of the visionary. Even though going international is a big risk for the company, they do feel however, the vision, which has been imposed from many generations of the ‘Khayat' family, is what will get them through this. Jana Khayat feels strongly about her vision and brand, which she has printed in her new book. She stated in a recent interview with the Sunday Times â€Å"It's a mission of intent: where we should be. It is very easy for a store like Fortnum and Mason to become a pastiche of itself† (Khayat, 2004) The advantage of this school of thought is that it does acknowledge the tremendous input that a visionary genius can make to the organisation. However, problems can occur, as other employees of the organisation will not have an understanding on how the vision is created as this is normally done in the mind of the leader. There is also no real ability for the organisation to carry on after the visionary has left the company. The next of the emergent schools is the ‘Cognitive School' which strategy formation is seen as a mental process. The viewpoint of this school of thought is that strategy development is an act of cognition. It is about understanding how the mind works and processes information is the key to understanding strategy development. Cambridge broadband started in 2000 as a group of experienced individuals with a collective aim to deliver the worlds leading broadband fixed wireless access system. The group consists of the best engineers, academics, and commercial management in the industry. Cambridge broadband attracts these people, as they believe that it is an ideal environment to explore their diverse and highly developed talents. The collegiate atmosphere brings an informality that encourages creativity, According to Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel (1998) this strategy formation is a cognitive process that takes place in the mind of the strategist. The CEO, Peter Wharton believes that Cambridge Broadband will become world leader in their industry by using the knowledge and expertise of its team to provide up to date technology and to increase its customer base. Many of the ideas they have come up with have been from using tools such as cognition maps, frames, and Schemata, which are terms used about the mental representation of events and situations. They are data structures for representing both generic and specific concepts about the outside world. The advantage of this school is that is shows great promise even though the school of thought is that it is still relatively underdeveloped. However, the focus to date has been upon strategy formulation as an individual rather than a collective process, which can be more difficult to understand and manage. The learning school is the sixth school Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel go on to discuss. This school of thought regards strategy formation as an emergent process, where the management of the organisation pays close attention to what works and doesn't work over a period of time, and includes these ‘lessons learned' into their overall plan of action.. â€Å"†¦most organisations seem to have severe learning disabilities; most â€Å"die† before the age of forty† (Morgan, 1997) The Kao Corporation is a company, which has a strong learning culture. Dr Yoshio Maruta president of Kao Corporation believed that an organisation is not only learned but also learned how to learn. He stated â€Å"An educational institution in which everyone is a potential teacher' (Dr Maruta, 1990) He believed that the success to his company at the end of the eighties what the ability to integrate and enhance their effective marketing and information systems through learning. This resulted in them producing new products ahead of their Japanese and foreign companies becoming the largest branded and packaged group in Japan by 1990. Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel (1998) argued that the paradigm is that strategy in an organisation emerges because of trial and error from learning within the organisation. This was evident when Kao operation decided to become international. They were potentially a significant competitor therefore, decided that product division developed its own strategy for international expansion. However, the company's business portfolio and strategic infrastructure varied from market to market It is important that the organisation is familiar in that the strategy must be consonant with the patterns of behaviour and responses that are inbuilt within the organisation. In addition, it is important to be aware that strategy changes and evolves over time. There is however a danger that a lack of urgency or a lack of discipline may predominate and nothing significantly changes within the organisation. Hence, the decision to become international was not successful. Kao operation blamed this on the lack of international experience, fewer human resources assets, especially in top management and had far less accumulated international knowledge than their western competitors had. The have since invested into 10 day training schemes which all managers need to attend to develop a broader and international outlook and advised they did not have enough talented people especially at management level . The next school to be discussed is the Power School which this school of thought regards strategy formation as a process of negotiation. The development of this strategy is the process of negotiation between the power holders of an organisation or sometimes it can be between the organisation and the stakeholders. An example of this strategy formation can be seen within the University of Durham, in which negotiations take place within the micro power elements such as the individuals and groups within the organisation and negotiation is often done by political analysis and collective bargaining. This commonly seen within the University when negotiations about pay rise, policies etc are done with the trade union representatives. The interdependence the University of Durham has with its external environment is called ‘Macro power', which is when negotiations take place with the stakeholders etc. The university as part of their mission and strategy is to serve the international, national, and regional communities by understanding and engaging with the needs of its stakeholders. Power is clearly a building block in the development of strategy within this school of thought. This type of strategy would benefit large or mature organisations where power structures are well established. However, there is a tendency for organisation who adopts this type of strategy to have a narrow view in that all strategies are about power struggle or as a power exchange. The eighth school to be discussed by Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel, is the Cultural School this approach look at strategy formation as a collective process, which involves different groups and departments within an organisation. The reflection of the strategy, which is developed, is of the corporate culture of the organisation. The origin of culture was discovered by management in the 1980's, coming over from Japan. â€Å"†¦is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes ine group or category of people from another† (De Wit, 1998) A company with a strong culture is Argos, which is one of the UK's largest non-food retail chains, with annual sales exceeding à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3bn. After the takeover, Terry Duddy became Managing Director with the challenge of improving the firm's performance. He has done this by strengthening the brand, the quality of customer service, and the corporate culture The development of this strategy is the process of social relations, which take place within the beliefs and understandings shared by the employees of an organisation. He stated that it was challenging yet essential that the organisation reflected its strategy and focus on the customer. A key element of the new approach has been the corporate culture at Argos and the building of an environment, which is normative and cohesive. The commitment of Argos employees to these values seems extremely high in its 2003 ‘Speak Out' employee survey; the company found that among its employees 82% believe the company wants to beat its competitors whilst 74% believe strong teamwork is a major contributor to the Argos performance. The concepts for this strategy development come from the values, beliefs, and corporate culture etc within the organisation. The organisation needs to be aware that the corporate culture however vague and ill defined, is a very significant variable that can affect the culture of the organisation. However, this school of thought does tend to favour the consistency and continuation of the existing culture within the organisation and this may discourage necessary change. Argos also continues to work at building what it calls its 'employer brand' – a clear set of values representing the attitudes and beliefs of its employees. In 2003, after consultations with staff, these values were stated as change makes us better and more successful The Environmental School is the ninth school and here strategy formation is seen to be a reactive process. The organisation needs to respond to the forces of its environment otherwise it may be become extinct. A company who are well known in responding to their environment are the company ‘Rolls-Royce', which was first, established in 1984 and is now operating within four global markets. The success of the company is due to the rapid and substantial gains in the market share. They believe they have built a strong business by growing organically and through successful acquisitions. In the beginning of 2003, the aero engine division of Rolls-Royce introduced ‘Grid computing' to help reduce airline flight delays and achieve cuts in the cost of engine Maintaince. Due to a successful university research project on ‘Grid Computing' it has now became a major part of Rolls Royce's future I.T. Strategy. According to Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel (19998) traditionally the contingency theory was used within this school of thought however more recently organisations have ended up in cluster's within distinct ecological – type niches, in which they tend to remain until they die out. Similar to the positioning school the environment school is aware of the importance of environment as context, although it does recognise that the death of the business entities or indeed the entire industry is a natural or even expected fact. Rolls-Royce believes that the knowledge they will learn from the research into ‘Grid Computing' will enable then to understand a utility-based computing systems and how they can make money from it. However, the definition of the environment is often so complex that companies like Rolls-Royce will find it difficult to usefully analysis. In addition, it accords too much control to the environment therefore; two different organisations that are competing within the same industry can have vastly different strategies. The final school Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel discuss is the configuration school, which is often seen as the school, which unites all of the previous mentioned schools together. This strategy formation is seen as a process of transforming the organization from one state of decision-making structure into another. Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel (1998) stated the key to this strategy if for the organisation to recognise the need for the transformation, however to be able to do this without damaging the organisation. In 1992, Serge Kampf executive chairperson of Cap Gemini Sogeti (CGS) decided for the company to continue to compete successfully it was important that CGS and the large number of acquired firms should be moulded into a coherent transnational company. Some of the problems CGS would face were the creation of a new organisational structure into a dual organisation, improving service to clients and reduce reporting levels. Serge Kampf believed that all parts of the company needed to work the same way to function as a transnational organisation. This would inevitable force major changes within the organisation. Between 1992 and 1993 even though changes were being made CGS saw there worse year in 1992 when competition mauled the company and they had to lay off 600 employees for the first time in 25 years. This is when 81 managers throughout the organisation made a decision to launch a full-scale transformation of the entire company. The team of 81 managers were responsible for transforming working habits and implement new tools such as the sales funnel throughout the organisation. They also launched a 7-axis development plan to help restore CGS profitability. These changes was not appreciated by the competitors and shareholders as the process of transformation of an organisation with 20,000 employees would not be done short term. However, CGS did succeed it the transformational of their company, as they have succeeded in remaining profitable in 2003 in what was an extremely difficult market, implementing restructuring measures, which significantly reduced operating costs and prepared it to enter 2004 in the best possible condition. Since 1965, the amount of publication and attention within strategic management has varied within the different schools mentioned above. Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel (1998) illustrated how the schools take their place around and within the formation of strategy. In each of the schools of thought that have mentioned, the process of strategy formulation is regarded as something of a ‘Black Box'. However, the cognitive school did come close. None clearly describes how an individual or an organisation is able to leap from the collection and analysis of information to the conceptualisation of alternative courses of action. However, overall by looking at the schools together you can see why an organisation may favour one school from another. Overall, each of the schools offers some useful concepts, and some strong points to aid understanding, but has its disadvantages as well. â€Å"Strategy formation is judgemental designing, intuitive visioning, and emergent learning; it is about transformation well as perpetuation; it must involve individual cognition and social interaction, cooperation as well as conflict; it has to include analyzing before and programming after as well as negotiating during; and all of this must be in response to what can be a demanding environment† (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel, 1998)

Italian Migrants to Australia

History Assignment- Extended Response Describe the experiences of the Italian migrants from their arrival after WW2, through to the multicultural period in the 1970s The experiences of the Italian Migrants have changed from the time of their arrival after WW2 to the present day. The Italian migrants were forced to leave Italy after the war due to the fact that many of them were displaced as a result of sheer destruction that some areas had undergone. What was once a home, was now no more than a pile of rubbish.Also, with many loved ones dead, leaving and making a new start was very tempting. When they first arrived in Australia, the Italians experienced considerable cultural shock. They found that Australia was insensitive to their culture and traditions and therefore expected them to change. The Italians were mainly like the â€Å"black sheep† of the population. The feud between the Italian migrants and the Australians got to a point were the Italians had to go out in groups in fear for their own safety. It also appeared that the Australian government was not well prepared to accept them.However, after their work on the Snowy Mountains Scheme and other enterprises, life changed for the better. The Italians overcame the resentment and social isolation to achieve a better future for themselves and their children. Australia was a country for white people. The migrants had to be white and from the British Isles of English speaking parts of the empire. However, after the bombing attack, Australia realised that their population was not big enough to defend itself and therefore, they must â€Å"Populate or perish†. Immigration was the only answer.On the border of Australia, the Italians had to pass a medical examination and if they passed they were allowed to live in Australia. If not, they were sent back. However, by this time Australia was 99%(most of the population being british) white, and the Australian public wanted to keep it that way. The Austra lian population reacted badly to the Italians and the minister was attacked by vicious criticism. When the Italians arrived in Australia, they were confronted with new and unfamiliar things, and were expected to change to match the â€Å"Australian way†.This was known as the policy of assimilation; think white act white. The Italians were allowed to migrate to Australia only if they left all their customs and traditions behind and lived the Australian way. Shortly after this was replaced by the policy of Integration. This policy allowed the Italians to practice their traditions and culture in the privacy of their own home, but still had to act Australian in public. Culturally based organisations were formed to help provide welfare and support for migrants.When the Italian migrants began to look for work, they had to travel to find jobs. The Italian Prisoners of War were barely seen as a danger and often worked on farms without guards. Most of the early Italian migrants were u nskilled and came from the poorer parts of Italy. Even those who did have skills, their qualifications were not recognised in Australia. As a result the Italians were forced to do tough, labouring work. One of the huge employment schemes such as the ‘Snowy Mountain Scheme’ contributed greatly to the multiculturalism of Australia.The work was hard and the conditions were tough however the Italians were attracted by the relatively high wages. Due to ninety-eight percent of the project being underground, there was a lot of tunneling, often through solid granite rock. Work conditions in the tunnels were dirty, wet, noisy, smelly and sometimes dangerous. More than 120 workers died in the projects twenty-five year period. Even though work was difficult and sometimes dangerous, it developed, on its workers, a sense of community and companionship. The ‘Snowy Mountains Scheme’ was the first real experience of multiculturalism in Australia.It gave the chance for peop le from many countries around the world to communicate, accept and understand the culture and background of others without judging. It also encouraged all these people to work together as a team and put aside all their differences as there was no room for racial prejudice. Multiculturalism accepts the notion that Australia is a nation of many different cultures but that, as Australians, we all live together as one people. The policy of multiculturalism was introduced by the 21st Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam.The Whitlam government keenly supported multiculturalism. Grants were made to ethnic organisations to promote their culture. Legislation was introduced to end discrimination and it was now illegal to discriminate people on the basis of their racial background. Some Australians did not want to see the British culture be diluted by other cultures. They had a fear of ‘invasion’ and that the Italians would take jobs from existing Australians. However, a maj ority of Australians were open minded to the new policy and began to look at the Italians form another perspective.Overall the experiences of the Italian migrants when they first arrived in Australia were difficult. They felt very much out of place and little was done to help them. They were not part of the Australian community. However their involvement in areas like the Snowy Mountains Scheme played an important part in helping the Italians because it gave them a decent wage, and also because it allowed them to work and bond alongside people of other races which made them work as a community and helped racism to greatly minimise. Italians nowadays have had a great impact on Australia.Italian migrants have made an enormous contribution to cultural and economical life. They introduced new foods and ingredients and their restaurants continue to be very popular. Their music is continued to be enjoyed by many Australians. Their contribution to building and construction is crucial. The italian migrants have made an economical effect on Australia by creating employment be opening large and small businesses. Also, they have had a large contribution in incorporating Italian teachings into the school curriculum.

Life Span Development and Personality

This paper will discuss the life span of a business man, movie producer, aviator, and billionaire, Howard Hughes. It will also explain the psychological development and personality characteristics of the young man that was raised by a financially driven father, and mentally disturbed mother. Mother and Father Howard Hughes was born in 1905 in Houston, Texas to Howard Hughes Sr. and Allene Hughes. Allene Hughes was the biggest influence on Howard junior’s life; she constantly worried about the germs and sickness that her son came in contact with. Allene Hughes suffered from the mental disorder Obsessive Compulsion Disorder (OCD). Howard Hughes Sr. spent most of his time following oil rigs and trying to improve the process of drilling into rock. In 1908/1909 Hughes Sr. invented a drill bit that would penetrate rock, which later made him a millionaire. Hughes Sr. was the owner of Hughes Tool Company. Howard Hughes Junior attended private schools in Boston, where his interest in academics were lacking, and just as his father was mesmerized by anything mechanical. Against his mothers’ wishes, Howard Junior built a bicycle with a motor, later called the motorcycle. Orphaned In 1922, Allene Hughes went into the hospital for minor surgery, but never woke up. Allene Hughes died at 39 years of age, and Howard Junior lost his mother when he was only 16. The death of wife and mother caused a tremendous amount of grief for Howard Sr. , and Jr. Life changed for them, but especially Howard Junior. His father was unable to recover from the death of his wife, and spent the next couple of years subjected Howard Junior to many women, looking for that same happiness again. In January 1924, Howard Senior was working at his desk when he suffered a heart attack and died at age 54. At age 18, Howard Junior was an orphan, and the owner of 75% of his father’s company, making him a very rich young man. Since Howard was not considered to be an adult an unable to make business decisions, he went to court and convinced the judge that he should be declared an adult so that he could run his own affairs. Soon after the judge granted his request, Howard bought all the shares to the company from his relatives, which made him the sole owner of Howard Tool Company, which made a very nice amount of money that he used as a foundation for his future fortune. In 1925 a will was made that stated upon his death, all of his money was to be put into a medical research facility. Movies to Aviation Howard was not satisfied with just running the business that his father had left him, so after his marriage to Ella Rice in 1925, they moved to Hollywood California where he would try his hand at making movies with his uncle Rupert. In the beginning of his movie career, there were two or so flops, but soon he directed the film â€Å"Two Arabian Nights† which won the Academy Award. He went on to do â€Å"The Outlaw, Scarface, and Hells Angels†. During the making of the Hells Angels movie, Hughes became fascinated with flying, and received his pilot’s license. Not only did he fly, in 1932 he founded the Hughes Aircraft Company. Later, the military would hire him to build a large plane that would carry troops overseas; this plane was called the â€Å"Spruce Goose†. In 1938 he financed the creation of the Boeing 307, and was the beginning of the Transcontinental and West Airlines, later called TWA. This was his most profitable investment, earning him $540 million. He sold the airline in 1966. He used the earnings from the airlines to form the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He used this medical facility to put all of his money into, to prevent the IRS from finding it. The End As far back as birth, Hughes was continually inventing or perfecting an invention. After many failed attempts, caused by his obsessive need to be perfect, Hughes suffered a mental breakdown. The obsessive compulsive disorder worsened, and the stress of inheriting his father’s company at an early age caused anxiety and paranoia became evident when he required phone taps, and private investigators. Like his mother he became obsessed with germs with continuous hand washing, and using napkins or Kleenex to touch objects and open doors. In 1950 Hughes was rarely seen in public. He left the United States and moved from country to country, and in 1972 Hughes Tool Company, his father’s company, was sold. His obsession to control his surroundings led him to be a bitter old recluse. He became weakened by the lack of food, and the effects of drug use. On a plane in 1976, flying from Mexico to Houston for treatment, Hughes dies at age 71. Because of his choices later in life, his body was unrecognizable and could only be identified through fingerprints. Conclusion Despite his mental disorders, Howard Hughes accomplished many great things. Best known for his production of movies, and aviation, his mental illness proved to be his undoing. Most diagnostics were done after his death; therefore there is no way of knowing if medical treatment would have helped him. Although he may have inherited OCD from his mother, it is also believed that his contraction of syphilis in 1930 also played a part in his mental stability. In 1976, Dr. Raymond Fowler, the President of the American Psychology Association, was asked to do a psychological evaluation from what he knew and read of Howard Hughes. After the long study Fowler concluded that â€Å"Hughes was not psychotic, he was just a disturbed man†. Life Span Development and Personality IntroductionThe Healer of the World – Karol Wojtyla, gave a breakthrough of acceptance in the world’s aim for peace, prosperity and unity.   His belief on religion was considered to be flexible as to believing that all people are created equal in blood, color, race or belief (Weigel, 2001).   The differences of such religions must not serve as a wall to hinder one from crossing the line of faith but rather, to give respect to the God being served and hailed.   â€Å"We all believe in one God† (Weigel, 2001), remarked the Saint.   His enthusiasm and love for humanity built a bridge which not all Popes were able to fulfill.   Criticized by some followers of Christianity, his motivation on reaching his prayers even to the extent of other religions gave a positive impact on those individuals who have long felt that Christianity, being the most dominant religion in the world, must reign over.Challenges faced by the PopeHis influence to the masses made him a negotiator in uniting the archipelagos of different countries; he had an amazing view of life, like a philosopher who cared for other people more than himself.   Death threats and vicious plans for assassination haunted his living daylights, but he remained calm, his deep sagacity of forgiveness lurked in every pore of his system, believing that people who have gone astray, must not be punished but be guided (Weigel, 2001).Environment’s role in molding his beliefThe factual argument to support such questions on why his perceptions, character and views were â€Å"godly† and unselfish can be traced with the kind of life he was raised, living in Poland, a â€Å"privacy-oriented† country armed with a raging belief on war, his quest in search for unity indulged him to do good, instead of enrolling in a realm where blood is shed (Weigel, 2001), believed that God was calling him for priesthood, to serve with gospels and not with armors.The institutions where he enrol led also played a large factor in molding his character, as human behavior stresses â€Å"the environment by which one is raised and the people surrounding the individual will most likely be the reasons of what you are today† (Freud & Strachey, 1962).   His family, friends and experiences in life are the main reasons why he possessed the highest level of concern for others.Psychological Theory in his behaviorAccording to developmental psychology, the sense of faith of a person is an acquired form of skill or ability, not an innate one.   It is an inherited acquired phenomenon; given the fact that a new-born baby at the time of birth is non-moral, non-thinking and non-aesthetic, all tantamount to innocence (Dimitrius & Mazzarella, 1991).Therefore, such character is gradually acquired through experience.   It can be then taken to assumption that a family, inclined with scriptures and rituals or of religion, will most likely raise religious offspring.However, a deliberativ e argument of such belief would disprove its validity given the fact that change is most likely to happen, since that the kind of environment which will later be experienced and dwelled upon to by the individual will make abrupt changes in his belief, adaptation would be suitable term (Freud & Strachey, 1962).   Not unless the atmosphere also tames such religiousness.ConclusionInstinct Theory and Learning Theory are evident in the life of the Pope, his belief, that he was being called portrays the first kind and his sense of mimicking priests illustrate his form of motivation in venturing to priesthood (Freud & Strachey, 1962). Such theories are the hugest well supported evidences why the Pope, possess the exceptional characteristic of a human being.   Concluding the existence and the explanations in his life clearly shows that there lived a person, influenced with humanistic theories, but utilized what he has acquired in the â€Å"godliest† way possible.References:Dimitr ius, J.-E., & Mazzarella, M. C. (1991). Reading People: How to Understand People and Predict Their Behavior- -Anytime, Anyplace (1 ed.). New York: Ballantine Books.Freud, S., & Strachey, J. (1962). The Ego and the Id. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.Weigel, G. (2001). Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (1st Cliff Street Books Paperback Ed ed.). New York: Harper Perennial.

Accounting Recognition of Sales Revenue Research Proposal

Accounting Recognition of Sales Revenue - Research Proposal Example Generally Accepted Accounting Principal (GAAP) with regard to recognition of revenue is covered by FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No.5. As per paragraph 83 of said SFAC No.5 , revenue â€Å"recognition involve consideration of two factors, a) being realized and realizable, and b) being earned, with some time one and sometimes the other being the most important consideration†. Both criteria are required to be accomplished before the revenue is recognized. The revenue is treated as realized when cash is received for sale of product; and revenue is termed as realizable when a promise to pay is received and that may be either verbal promise to pay or written in the shape of notes receivable. The second condition is that the revenue must be earned. Revenue is treated as earned when enforceable exchange takes place of considerations. That is to say deliveries of goods have been given and promise to pay has been received. Take the case of credit sales where goods have delivered at the time transaction was entered into. In such a transaction a verbal promise to pay has been created on acceptance of delivery by buyer. Accordingly it can be said that revenue has been earned at the time of occurrence of a verbal promise to pay. Again as per SFAC No.5 before recognition of a transaction four basic criteria namely, the arising of basic element of asset or liability or change in equity through such transaction, measurability, relevance, and reliability, are required to be fulfilled.

The Significance of the Lotus Flower in Buddhism Research Paper

The Significance of the Lotus Flower in Buddhism - Research Paper Example Buddhism is widespread in the Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka (Theravada), and East Asia (Mahayana) (Suguro and Montgomery 3). Accordingly, it is influential to millions of adherents, of not only Buddhism, but also Hinduism and Egyptology. Importantly to the Buddhists is the symbolic representation of the lotus flower as the seat of Buddha. To be noted is that various Asian deities are often depicted while seated on the lotus flower. This thereby further portrays the purity of essence represented through its many flower petals; diverse but brightly lit flowers. It is from this that the second major meaning of the flower is derived from purification of the human spirit, which is created into the murkiness of the world. Inadvertently, the third crucial representation is that of faithfulness, founded upon the fact that those who seek to be adherents, ‘rising above the muddy waters’, need to be followers who are grounded in their faith (Penney 48). The Lotus Flower is a major s ymbol in Buddhism, in addition to the Dharma wheel and the Stupa. It holds significant importance to adherents of Buddhism due to existing legend, which portrays the greatness of Gautama Buddha who was born with the capability to walk as a child. Furthermore is that wherever he went, upon which ground he strode, different lotus. The Lotus Flower is a major symbol in Buddhism, in addition to the Dharma wheel and the Stupa. It holds significant importance to adherents of Buddhism due to existing legend, which portrays the greatness.

Ethics within the clothing retail sector 02225 Essay

Ethics within the clothing retail sector 02225 - Essay Example In addition, competition is increasing in the high street clothing retail chains. Therefore, they are using the CSR strategies to increase sustainability and growth. During the years 2011 to 2012, they promoted more green production. Alhaddi (2014) stated that retailers are promoting highly recycling products, eco friendly products, and fair trading policies. Clothing retailers are using most emerging technologies for reducing waste in operations. They are adopting socially responsible strategies to maintain the welfare of external stakeholders. Alternate energy resources are being used by the organisations to conserve the conventional resources (Azmat and Zutshi, 2012). In the current study, corporate social responsibility and ethical issues are discussed in depth with the help of different real life ethical firms. The researcher will be using the examples of Next, Arcadia Group, Primark Stores, TK Maxx, Matalan, and New Look Group. Clothing retail firms are facing huge competition in the UK base fashion retail market. Organisations are maintaining ethical strategies in order to achieve sustainability. Corporate social responsibility is one of the major used strategies for increasing sustainability in the international clothing retail market. Organisations are looking for obtaining growth and sustainability. Corporate social responsibilities of the major retail firms are concentrated on the segments like social, ethical and environment. The firms are planning to provide proper value to the external stakeholders. In addition, BubnaLitic (2009) stated that CSR strategies are orienting the equity shareholders in the global financial market. On the contrary, if the investors are not oriented they will not interest or motivated to make the further investment in fashion retailers. Business operations will be controlled efficiently, productively and sensibly by the use of efficient strategies and CSR polices also

Case Study Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study Paper - Essay Example The news is a catastrophic event for the unemployed persons in the country, particularly for those who are living in their own house and have gone jobless for last few months or more and are unable to pay on their mortgages. Alan from Wall Street Journal reports, â€Å"About 3.6 million homes are likely to be lost to a foreclosure or distressed sale by 2013, on top of 6.7 million since 2006, according to Moody's Analytics.† This is really a grim situation in the sense that it is likely to bring a doom to all real estate owners. Why? In a free market, economic principles apply in its full force. One such law is demand and supply. Price remains in equilibrium when supply matches demand. Here the scenario is different. There is huge supply and very little demand. Sources say that the excess inventory of housing units for sale or on rent is estimated to be 1.2 million units at the end of 2010. (Fig 1; Berg, Robert 2010). Housing stock is stated to have aggregate demand of 0.3 mill ion units per year in the country. Simply these figures indicate that there is already a huge build up in the inventory over the demand.

The ways in which use of the strange and unfamiliar prompts the reader Research Paper

The ways in which use of the strange and unfamiliar prompts the reader to think about the known and the familiar - Research Paper Example However, the Goblin Market is a poem which is narrated by Christina Rossetti’s, the poem describes the markets place dynamic and Rossetti depicts on how the† Goblin† or the merchant’s cries for the business. The merchants croon by shouting out loud for the crowd to come and buy, come and buy which they repeat it several times so that they can attract the customer’s attention to go, and buy their products. The merchant does this by preparing the list of the items in a paratactic manner. These two books try to analyze the ways in which the use of the strange and unfamiliar prompts the reader to think about the known and the familiar. All through the ages, the man has always struggled in defining the necessary situation of the utopian society. Writers along with philosophers proclaim that they discovered the key to perfect societal structure; however, they sometimes fall short in a number of aspects. The perfect society cannot easily be attained, and almost impossible to achieve it completely. Gulliver’s Travels, invites readers into the world which is ruled by the creatures who looks like the horses, recognized as Houyhnhnms, who in spite of being kind, calm, and coherent, they lack the critical thought as well as wisdom. These animals rule their whole lives on the morals of reason, good value, wisdom, and self-control, and they believe that, the only means of living is by being friendly as well as benevolent, to their own kindness. Gulliver’s Travel is a story of adventuring that involves several voyages of a man by the name Lemuel Gulliver, known to be a surgeon because of the series of the mishaps and an ability to route to the recognized ports and end ups on several of the unknown islands where he lives with the people as well as, animals of the unusual sizes, he is able to go back to his home in

The Success and Failures of Diversification Strategies Essay

The Success and Failures of Diversification Strategies - Essay Example From the study it is clear that in order to examine the corporate strategy of diversification, it is important to gain an understanding of the concept. Looking at the theories and types of diversification potentials allow for a developed knowledge of this business strategy. As well, looking at firms who have diversified and the eventual results will further the investigation. Specific examinations of General Electric and Berkshire Hathaway in comparison with Tesco, HSBC, and Vodafone will allow for examples of diversified interests to reveal how these strategies are successful or without success.As the discussion stresses  DuPont is considered the leading pioneer of diversification. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 in the United States limited the ability of a corporation to grow through acquisitions and mergers. In 1916 DuPont became the target of an investigation that was pivotal in the future of the strategy of diversification. DuPont, however, did continue to grow through the additions of  chemicals and paints to its gunpowder. The Cellar-Kefauver Act of 1950 made it more difficult to achieve vertical and horizontal integration, thus promoting more diversifications that were the beginnings of the conglomerations. New tariff policies that grew through the 20th century also encouraged companies to turn to diversifications strategies in order to compete with foreign imports that were cheaper and impeded the progress of companies that depended on the products that were not available.

English Application Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Application Essays - Essay Example It would be an honor to be taught by such conversant and intellectual set of professors. The campus offers numerous recreation and fitness centers that can become good sources of relaxation after extensive hours of studies. I have always been an active member in extra-curricular activities and clubs; I aspire to continue such activities and shall contribute my role in the progression of the clubs. I believe that one can expect better results from something that is achieved as an outcome of group efforts and team work. The accumulation of different forms of opinions and ideas induces a touch of innovativeness and uniqueness in every endeavor. It is due to this belief that I am contented with the idea of my friends going in the same program. I am excited to study with these individuals and new classmates since they might even become my colleagues in the workplaces in the future. I think that our team work and research can contribute towards the development of the chosen domain of knowl edge and play our part in earning a name for the esteemed University of Ohio. My friends define me as a people’s person who loves meeting new people. The concept of getting familiar with different customs, traditions and culture of the world excites me. It is due to the passion for cultural diversity that I have chosen Ohio University. Ohio University celebrates cultural diversity rather than promoting exclusion. I admire such ideologies and feel that I shall be able to progress more in an environment that is run by such like-minded people. Therefore, I hope you will allow me to pursue my education in the desired business school- Fisher College. Essay 2 I bear great passion for travelling and meeting new people. The nature of my family business has granted me the opportunity to visit numerous countries of the world, thereby giving me the chance of experiencing various forms of cultures and traditions on firsthand basis. Such experiences have made me realize the value of inclu sion of perspectives from all sorts of cultures and origins. I believe that tolerance and acceptance of other people’s ideas induces an element of innovation in one’s work. Tim Berners Lee, the man who invented the World Wide Web, stated that â€Å"we need diversity of thought in the world to face the new challenges†. I aim to promote inclusion and tolerance for other cultures in my endeavors to play my role in safeguarding the traditions of multiculturalism of University of Colorado. Team work and mutual support bear great importance in an academic life since it bears numerous challenging instances and stressful routines. Acceptance of cultural diversity removes barriers among individuals and promotes the spirit of team work and mutual cooperation. I aspire to become a team player who will seek to work together with others to increase his domain of knowledge, as well as to play his part in earning a commendable name for the University of Colorado. Individuals w ho value team work spirit tend to benefit in their professional lives as well; therefore, I believe that my culturally rich experience at University of Colorado will prove to be advantageous for my professional life. Competition is also an integral part of any academic life; healthy competition can prove to be a valuable lesson since it prepares one for the professional life ahead. Exposure to multicultural lifestyles from my childhood

Benefits of TV media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benefits of TV media - Essay Example Learning about different cultures is very important in the present age because today we live in a multicultural society. We have to frequently interact with people from different parts of the world both in the workplace and otherwise. TV helps a lot in promoting our relations with people from other cultures by making us aware of their norms, values and traditions. In the present age, when all of us are extremely busy and do not often get much time to spend with our family members, shared viewing of TV programs provides us with one big opportunity to be together. This strengthens the bond between family members and inculcates a sense of unity in the family members. TV programs promote learning by enabling children to see what they read about in their books. Without a visual image of the subject in mind, children are not able to develop the concepts as objectively as they do when they know what the subjects of discussion in the book look like. For example, Harry Potter series has been included in the English literature curriculum in a lot of elementary schools worldwide. Children are better able to learn the story when they can relate the incidents to individual characters they see in the Harry Potter movies. What authors take pages to explain is conveyed to the audience in one image. There is a lot of difference between imagining what quidditch looks like and actually view it being played in the movie. A vast majority of TV shows and dramas revolve around a central message that is of huge moral significance. Many people do not follow the advice of their elders because they do not realize how important it is, but when they see how their actions and words can impact others’ as well as their own lives, they tend to learn the lesson for good. TV shows and dramas not only create awareness, but also provide people with useful advice that benefits them in practical life when they act upon it. There has recently been a lot of debate about whether or not to offer sex education in public schools. This and several other topics like sex education are very controversial and are often not discussed with children. The resulting lack of awareness has its own consequences. TV programs are playing a fundamental role in doing their bit to make people aware of the sensitivity of these issues. Many people would not have been of the view to have their children provided with sex education in school had they not seen TV programs to convince them for the same. In addition to this, TV programs themselves are a very strong means of education for people regarding all sorts of controversial topics. In the contemporary age, people have a greater understanding of local and international political issues. The fundamental reason behind this is the TV news and talk shows. These days, one can see talk shows on a daily basis on the TV. Everyday, these talk shows are prepared for totally new and innovative topics. Most of the times, they discuss most recent issues of n ational or international political significance. Thus, people are able to not only know what is happening in their country and across the globe, but also they can critically analyze these events and happenings by listening to the commentary and criticism of the anchors and experts. Concluding, TV is an extremely important source of education, entertainment and rapport building in the present age. Modern age is characterized by increased awareness and TV happens to be the fundamental promoter of the same. Parents can draw optimum

Martin Luther King, Obama, and Douglass Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King, Obama, and Douglass Essay Countless have said that all men were created equal, but what about the prodigious black men of all time. Were King, Douglass, and Obama all created equal, or were these men chosen to be predestined for greatness? What constitutes greatness in politics? Names that come readily to mind, like Martin Luther King, Jr. , Frederick Douglass, and Barack Obama, are those who rose to inspire their countries in times of turmoil and change; so it seems that circumstances are just as important as character. Their personal characteristics, and even morals, differed widely but they were able to anticipate and articulate their nations needs and aspirations. One thing King, Douglass, and Obama, all three were involved with civil rights’ of all who were oppressed. These three men helped show America that a change was in order for all to feel free and all were created equal. Each of these three men became American Icons in many ways, such as King, Obama, and Douglass had prodigious speaking skills, leadership expertise, and opinionated dispositions. Obama, Douglass and King are revered in the sense that they led a major change in American History. Through their speeches and movements to the world, Obama, Douglass, and King, have directed a movement of change and optimism through the heart and soul of America. All three men are eloquent speakers, such as Frederick Douglass was not only a powerful speaker but a master of subtleties of the talent. Those who heard him were surprised at the sharpness of his mind, his self-confidence and ease on the podium, noting especially his skill at humor, imitation, and sarcasm. Such was his skill as a speaker that audiences began to doubt his credibility. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s public-speaking abilities, would become well-known as his importance grew in the Civil Rights Movement, developed slowly during his educational years, however, professors praised King for the powerful impression he made in public speeches. Barack Obama has awed the American people from the moment he ran for presidency. Many have written reviews about this great man such as â€Å"Last night our president delivered his first official state of the union address: he was brilliant. Years from now speech instructors will be playing tapes of his speeches for their students; in fact; it’s probably happening already on many college campuses. Years from now books will be written compiling many of his speeches; some given even before he became one of the most historic of all our presidents. From here on in Barack Obama will be the standard by which great speakers are measured. He is undoubtedly one of the best public speakers ever† (Hackshaw). All great speakers share a common trait: They learned to be great by studying those that went before them. Although people are enamored by the oratory skills of public figures from time to time, none was born with the ability to persuade or inspire. Speeches can be prepared for anyone, but it takes a person to be groomed or determined to succeed in those beliefs to make a person a great speaker. The inspirational voices came from wanting to make a change in history, the aspirations of each of the men, whether it was slavery abolishment, segregation, or economic decline. These great men made history in one way or another. Great leaders such as Douglass, King, and Obama, do not sugar coat reality, they engage the heart, refuse to accept the status quo, and create a sense of urgency. In fact, many would say that this is the defining characteristic of real leaders. Douglass was considered one the great leaders of his time, not only did he campaign for the abolishment of slavery, he later began campaigning for women’s rights. Douglass was leading and gifted in the anti-slavery movement. Born a slave, Douglass managed to educate himself, grasp the ideologies that allowed slavery to succeed in America, identified the way to free himself at a very early age and not only freed himself but helped others along the way. He set a determined goal of seeing American slavery abolished in his lifetime and he saw his goal accomplished. Douglasss courage, intellectual honesty and independence propelled him from slave to orator, editor and intellectual leader. Average leaders focus on results, and thats it. Good leaders focus also on the actions that will get the results. And great leaders focus, in addition, on the reactions that will drive these behaviors. One emotion that shapes our behavior is anger, and Martin Luther King Jr. , knew of the power that came packed in this emotion. King had reason enough to be aggravated, time and again. He was physically threatened and attacked by prejudiced people, repeatedly jailed by state authorities, sometimes on trivial traffic violations, harassed by the FBI, and even criticized by fellow black leaders who favored more violent forms of resistance. Peter Ling studies Kings leadership role during his fight for harmony and justice and states, â€Å"There were many leaders in the civil rights struggle, but Martin Luther King was more than just the most conspicuous and eloquent among them† (Ling). President Barack Obama, in his State of the Union address, showed the country why he is without question the best individual to lead this country in this time in our history. He was eloquent, forceful, realistic, honest, and inspirational. Only those people who watched through their masks of hate can say otherwise. There were many highpoints for me and below are some quotes that were particularly good. â€Å"Despite our hardships, our union is strong. We do not give up. We do not quit. We do not allow fear or division to break our spirit. In this new decade, its time the American people get a government that matches their decency, which embodies their strength† (Transcript: Obamas first State of the Union speech). Great leaders are not passive; leaders are active and are unwilling to accept to the circumstances. Leaders are impatient, in a good way and refuse to just sit by and let things take their natural course. Many have a sense of urgency and communicate it very well. Each of these men has an opinionated personality. This is what made all three men great. Many people may ask, â€Å"What is an opinionated personality? † An opinionated personality is considered, someone who isnt afraid to give their personal opinion. It doesnt have to be a bad thing. Its just someone that doesnt stay quiet, if a person doesn’t agree with something. One great example is when Martin Luther King Jr. wrote in his â€Å"I have a Dream Speech,† King wrote, â€Å"Actually, we who engage in nonviolent direct action are not the creators of tension. We merely bring to the surface the hidden tension that is already alive. We bring it out in the open, where it can be seen and dealt with. Like a boil that can never be cured so long as it is covered up but must be opened with its ugliness to the natural medicines of air and light, injustice must be exposed, with all the tension its exposure creates, o the light of human conscience and the air of national opinion before it can be cured (Shelly). Frederick Douglass voiced his opinions on slavery, no matter the cost, such is shown in this excerpt, â€Å"I have taken a sober view of the present anti-slavery movement. I am sober, but not hopeless. There is no denying, for it is everywhere admitted, that the anti-slavery question is the great moral and social question now before the Ameri can people† (Koeller). Douglass, King, and Obama have all the characteristics of men who believe in the things they speak about. Their opinionated voice resonates with all Americans even from the grave. Many Americans have listened to the speeches performed by all of the three men and felt the emotion that was made to pull your emotions to the front. President Barack Obama is probably one of the most opinionated people, but is not all Presidents or politicians for that matter. Their opinions and views are what gets them elected into government positions. Out of all the speeches given by these three great men, the emotions and personal interests come out and make people feel that a change is needed. Obama came at a time when America was eager for a change, but King and Douglass had to suggest the change, for all white Americans were content with the world. Most of us, being United States citizens, would like to believe that everyone in this country is living in conditions of utmost freedom and equality. Although according to the constitution this is true, anyone who has ever been the victim of oppression knows not to take equality for granted. Our society has slowly grown to accept the different types of people that live in our country; it is now a lot less common to see people s rights such as freedom and equality being abused. This would not be possible without the perseverance of many great men and women, who have strived, against all odds to make those beliefs come true. Frederick Douglass and Martin Luther King Jr. , would never have dreamed that one day a black man would become president. The day that President Barack Obama was sworn into office was a great stride for all black Americans. This showed that the world today had hanged and was not the same it used to be in the 1800’s or even in 1950. It takes a lot to stand up to adversity and make a stand, to voice your beliefs in front of millions who disagree with the color of your skin. Obama said it best in this quote, â€Å"It’s been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America† (Johnson). Through great leadership comes great responsibility and King, Douglass, and Obama, all took on this responsibility to make the world a better place for all Americans. Today we are a United Nation, of all races and colors, all having equal rights. Some still have trouble letting go of those beliefs that one race is more dominate than the other, but it has almost become a thing of the past. America will go through many more changes in the future, it is exciting to set and dwell on the times and changes to come. Will Obama hold up to his promises? Has Obama accomplished enough of his goals for re-election? Will gay marriage be accepted? These are the questions people ask today. Which change will be coming in the future?

Pluto and its Satellites from the New Horizons Spacecraft

Pluto and its Satellites from the New Horizons Spacecraft CAROLINE MOORE AbstractThe New Horizons spacecraft has provided the first close-up study of Pluto and its satellites. Much more analysis is required of the data but the early findings have revolutionised our understanding of the Pluto system. Discoveries such as the complexity of Plutos surface, the current geological activity, the atmospheric hazes, lower-than-predicted escape rate and the largest known glacier in the solar system were completely unexpected. Plutos moon Charon has surprised with its dark red polar cap and tectonic belt and data from the smaller moons supports the hypothesis that they were formed out of the remnants from the collision that formed the Pluto-Charon binary. Introduction Since its discovery in 1930, with a semi-major axis of 39.5AU, Pluto has been considered an icy oddity. Beyond the realm of the gas giants, Pluto did not fit into any known solar system architecture until 1992 when the existence of the Kuiper Belt (30-50AU from the Sun) was confirmed by the discovery of the first Kuiper Belt object (KBO). Now more than 1,000 KBOs have been identified, including five dwarf planets, and it is estimated that more than 100,000 objects larger than 100km orbit the sun within the belt. Its believed that the Kuiper Belt contains leftover remnants from the beginning of the solar system and that sending the New Horizons mission to explore Pluto, its moons and other KBOs would provide valuable insights into the formation of the solar system. The fastest spacecraft ever launched, New Horizons started its mission on 19 January 2006 and flew past Jupiter in February 2007 for a gravity boost which reduced journey time to Pluto by four years. It conducted a six-month-long reconnaissance flyby study of Pluto and its moons in summer 2015, culminating with the closest approach to Pluto on 14 July 2015. As well as the first mission to an ice dwarf planet, New Horizons is also the first mission since Voyager in the 1970s to an unexplored planet. The official NASA science goals for the Pluto-system exploration element of the New Horizons mission were prioritised into three categories: required, important and desired. A key goal was mapping the surfaces of Pluto and Charon with an average resolution of one kilometre (the best the Hubble Space Telescope can do is a 500km resolution) and mapping the surface composition of the various geological regions of the two bodies. Another key goal was determining the composition, structure and escape rate of Plutos atmosphere. The lower priority goals include measurement of surface temperature and a search for additional satellites or rings around Pluto. The full list of science goals appears in Appendix 1. The seven instruments on New Horizons were selected to meet these science goals. They are the most capable suite of instruments ever launched on a first reconnaissance mission to an unexplored planet (now dwarf-planet). They include an imaging spectrometer to probe atmospheric composition and planet structure; a visible and infrared camera to obtain high-resolution colour maps and surface composition maps; a long-range telescopic camera for high-resolution surface images; particle spectrometers to measure charged particles in and around Plutos atmosphere; a detector to measure masses of space-dust particles; and two copies of a radio science experiment to examine atmospheric structure, surface thermal properties and planet mass. The seven instruments are listed in Appendix 2. Although considerably more work needs to be done to analyse the data received from New Horizons it is now clear that all NASAs science objectives have been met. On 14 July 2016, the anniversary of the fly-by in 2015, NASA published Principal Investigator, Alan Sterns, top ten discoveries so far from the Pluto element of the mission. They range from the unexpected complexity of Pluto and its moons to the lower than predicted escape velocity, and the ten have been used as a focus for this dissertation. The geology of Pluto Prior to New Horizons, the best images of Plutos surface were obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope. A colour map released in 2010 isnt sharp enough to show any features, such as craters or mountains, but does show a degree of complexity and variegation with white, dark-orange and charcoal-black terrain. However, the evidence revealed by New Horizons of current geological activity was completely unexpected and the variety of landscapes on Pluto is also much greater than expected. Hummocky cratered uplands, washboard terrain (expanses of parallel ridges and troughs), chaotic blocky mountains, cellular and non-cellular nitrogen ice plains, pitted hummocky nitrogen ice plains and rugged dark highlands all feature. A prominent feature of the encounter hemisphere (EH) is Sputnik Planum (SP), an 870,000km ² oval-shaped plain on the left side of the heart-shaped Tombaugh Regio. SP is most likely composed of volatile ices Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, CO and CHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ and is the largest known glacier in the solar system. Computer simulations have been produced to show that the surface of SP is covered with icy, churning, convective cells which recycle their surfaces every 500,000 years. The modest internal heat of Pluto causes great blobs of solid nitrogen to rise up, then cool and sink back down. This helps explain why no impact craters have been observed on SP which has a crater retention age of no greater than 10 million years. Pluto and its largest satellite Charon are both tidally locked which means that one hemisphere of Pluto is locked facing one hemisphere of Charon. They both spin and orbit in 6.4 days. Data from New Horizons shows that SP is almost exactly opposite Charon: the chance of this happening randomly is 5%. It is proposed that a subsurface ocean exists under SP and that over millions of years the planet has spun around, aligning the subsurface ocean and SP above it, almost exactly opposite the line connecting Pluto and Charon. Along the west margin of SP there extends for hundreds of kilometres a discontinuous chain of mountains consisting of discrete angular blocks with apparently random orientations and sizes up to 40km across and 5km high (calculated by shadow length). Prior to New Horizons it was known that Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, CO and CHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ices existed on the surface of Pluto, but once the images of these mountains were viewed it became clear that these ices could not support such high elevations and therefore water ices must be present. This has now been confirmed spectroscopically by New Horizons. Because water ice is buoyant with respect to N2 and CO ice, some small blocks can be carried along by convective or advective motions and larger blocks can be undermined, shifted and rotated. Because of this its possible, if the solid Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡/CO ice is sufficiently deep, that some of the smaller mountains observed may be floating within the plains, although the elevation of the l argest mountains on the western margin of SP suggests that they are most likely grounded on the basement. It is not known why there are no mountainous terrains at the eastern edge of SP. At a few locations at the eastern boundary of SP and the pitted uplands, smooth materials connect with SP along the floors of troughs 1.5 to 6km wide. High-phase imaging of the southernmost of these systems has shown clearly visible medial flow lines within the troughs, with the ice in the troughs sloping at an angle of 2-3 degrees over 50km. This implies glacial-like flow of the plains material into SP. At present it is unknown if the flowing ice carved the troughs. Cthulhu Regio (CR) is a large dark area ranging from ~ 15 °N to 20 ° S and bordering TR at 160 °E and stretching almost halfway around the planet to 20 °E . The region, comprised of a variety of geographical terrains, is covered by a thin dark mantle likely to be deposits of atmospheric Tholin. Tholin is a hydrocarbon formed by the action of sunlight on the methane in Plutos atmosphere. The methane molecules link together in progressively longer chains and as they get heavier they form a haze which eventually settles to the surface. Two broad quasicircular mounds, south of SP, might have an origin involving cryovolcanism. The smaller, Wright Mons, is 3-4km high and ~150km across, with a central depression at its summit at least 5km deep with a rim showing concentric fabric. The larger, Piccard Mons, is similar but reaches ~6 km high and 225km across. If their origin is cryovolcanic it would entail materials much stronger than Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ice. There are features on the EH which suggest prolonged tectonic activity. Numerous belts of aligned troughs and scarps, that can reach several hundred kilometres in length and several kilometres high, are often observed to cut across pre-existing landforms as well as branch into each other and these have been interpreted as extensional fractures in varying stages of degradation. The differing fault trends and states of degradation suggest several deformation episodes and prolonged tectonic activity. The great length of individual faults on Pluto, their scarp steepness and spectral evidence strongly suggest a thick water-ice lithosphere rather than a thin one or one made of any of Plutos volatile ices. Pluto displays a wide variety of crater morphologies and sizes vary from ~ 0.5 to 250km, not including any possible ancient basin underlying SP. Crater densities vary widely, from heavily cratered portions of CR to the apparently un-cratered SP. From the total cumulative crater size-frequency distribution its been concluded that Plutos surface, as a whole, dates back nearly to the time of the end of Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB)- perhaps 4 billion years ago. On the EH only the eastern portion of CR appears to approach the saturation crater densities expected of a terrain that has survived from the LHB itself. In contrast the water-ice mountains and the mounds mentioned previously are very young and no craters, down to a diameter of 2km, have been detected on SP. This implies a model crater retention age of no greater than 10 million years for SP and possibly much less. The atmosphere of Pluto A major goal of the new Horizons mission was to explore and characterise the structure and composition of Plutos atmosphere. Much more work is required to fully analyse the data obtained, but already understanding of Plutos atmosphere has been revolutionised. Ground based stellar occultation had shown an atmosphere around Pluto composed primarily of Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ with trace amounts of CHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾, CO and HCN, with complex surface interaction and an uncertain surface pressure of ~3-60 ÃŽÂ ¼bar and a warm stratosphere at ~100K above a much colder surface (38-55K). The New Horizons trajectory allowed near simultaneous radio (using REX) and solar (using ALICE) occultations. The spacecraft passed almost diametrically behind Pluto, as viewed from Earth, with ingress near the centre of the anti-Charon hemisphere and egress near the centre of the Charon facing hemisphere. The atmospheric structure at altitudes 0 to 50km was retrieved from REX. A strong temperature inversion at both ingress and egress was found for altitudes below ~20km, consistent with measurements taken from Earth. However new evidence of horizontal variations in temperature was discovered from two notable differences between the REX profiles at entry and exit. First, the temperature inversion at entry is greater than that at exit; the derived mean vertical gradient in the lowest 10km of the inversion is 6.4  ± 0.9 Kkmà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹ at entry but only 3.4  ± 0.9 Kkmà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹ at exit. Second, the temperature inversion at entry ends abruptly at an alti tude of ~4km, marking the top of a distinctive boundary layer. The temperature inversion at exit, however, appears to extend all the way to the surface, with no evidence for a boundary layer at this location. These differences in temperature structure cannot be accounted for by night-time radiative cooling or daytime solar heating within the atmosphere because the radiative constant of Plutos atmosphere is approximately 700 Pluto days. From REX data, surface pressure has been estimated at 11  ±1 ÃŽÂ ¼bar at entry and 10  ± 1 ÃŽÂ ¼bar at exit. Analysis of stellar occultation data from 2012 and 2013 yielded essentially the same result indicating that the mass of Plutos atmosphere has not changed significantly in recent years. REX data shows that at occultation exit, temperature adjacent to the surface is 45  ± 3K: this may be indicative of a surface material less volatile that Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ice because a surface covered in Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ice would have a temperature of 37.0K to remain in vapour pressure equilibrium with the measured surface pressure of Pluto. At occultation entry, close to the region SP, the mean temperature in the lowest 4km above the surface is 37  ± 3K close to the saturation temperature of Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡. It is suggested that this layer of cold air could arise directly from sublimation of the Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ices in SP. Calculations have shown that it would take approximately two years for downward heat conduction in the overlying temperature inversion to establish and an inversion that extends to the ground. So the observed boundary layer would have vanished on this timescale without the resupply of cold Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡: further confirmation of SP as a sublimation source. Models indicate that photochemistry in Plutos upper atmosphere is similar to that of Titan and Triton. Methane is processed into heavier hydrocarbons by far-ultraviolet sunlight and also solar Lyman ÃŽÂ ± photons. The solar occultation results show that the upper atmosphere is much colder than previously thought. The observed Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ opacity at high altitudes was lower than expected. The absorption of sunlight in the 57-64nm wavelength range by Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ at high altitudes (850 to 1400km) constrains the temperature of the upper atmosphere to be approximately 70K. The mechanisms by which Plutos upper atmosphere is being cooled are not yet understood. The existence and complexity of Plutos hazes, as detected by LORRI and MVIC, was unexpected. Extensive, optically thin hazes extend to altitudes of >200km. Distinct layers are present which vary with altitude but are contiguous for over 1000km. In the highest resolution images from MVIC about 20 haze layers are resolved. The haze is unexpectedly blue, suggesting a composition of very small particles thought to be tholin-like in composition from the scattering properties observed. The layers in the haze are possibly the result of internal gravity waves driven by sublimation forcing orographic forcing. Pluto has a much lower than predicted escape rate. Prior to New Horizons the escape rate to space of Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ was calculated to be in the region of 2.8 x 10 ²Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ · molecules sà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹ based on estimates of Plutos surface pressure and radius, as well as CHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ and CO mixing ratios. However these calculations did not take into account the cooling of the upper atmosphere. Its now calculated that the escape rate for Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ is 1 x 10 ²Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³ molecules sà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹. The escape rate calculated for CHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ is 5 x 10 ²Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ molecules sà ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹ which is much closer to estimates prior to New Horizons and also 500 times faster than that of Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡. If these rates for Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ and CHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ are stable over a single Pluto orbit and over the age of the solar system, the equivalent thickness of Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ and CHà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ surf ace ice lost to space would be approx. 6cm and 28m respectively. This relatively small amount of Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ loss is consistent with an undetected Charon atmosphere but appears to be inconsistent with the erosional features seen on Plutos surface. This suggests that Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ escapes in the past may have been occasionally higher. The loss of methane is a suggested origin for Charons north polar red colour, involving varnishing of the winter poles over millions of years through cold-trapping and polymerisation of escaping hydrocarbons from Pluto. Charon The EH of Charon has two prominent features: a tectonic belt of ridges and canyons in the equatorial region and a dark reddish cap to the North pole. The tectonic belt is more than 200km wide in places and consists of scarps, ridges and troughs which are almost parallel. There are two long, narrow, steep-sided depressions (chasmata). Serenity Chasma is >50km wide and ~5km deep and Mandjet Chasma reaches ~7km deep. Both chasmata are similar to extensional rifts visible on several mid-sized icy satellites such as Saturns Tethys. Its assumed that the tectonic belt is the result of substantial, aligned tectonic extension of Charons icy crust. The fact that several large craters are visible on the chasmata implies that the extension is geologically old. North of the tectonic belt there is rugged, cratered terrain. Mountains of 20km can be seen in the limb profiles. The crater density at large sizes on the northern terrain implies a surface age older than ~4 billion years. The Northern hemisphere is capped by dark reddish region named Mordor Macula (MM), the extent of which does not correlate with any specific terrain boundary or geological feature. Layer This is an unusual feature because polar caps on other bodies tend to be bright, not dark, due to some kind of reflective ice or frost. Because the red-stained areas of Pluto look similar to MM it was originally thought that they might have similar origin. Its now known that Plutos red-staining is due to atmospheric tholins and since Charon has no atmosphere the origin could not be the same. Its now proposed that the tholins on Charon are made from methane escaping from near-by Pluto. The methane sticks to the winter pole where the temperature is lowest and the ultraviolet light rec eived at night is sufficient to start to link the methane molecules together. As daytime comes, the molecules are heavy enough to remain on the surface and sunlight completes the process of polymerisation to form tholins. South of the tectonic belt the surface is smoother, comprised of seemingly continuous plains named Vulcan Planum. Tectonic resurfacing is one possible origin of these plains. Areas of relatively low crater density and at least one pancake-shaped unit might imply cryovolcanic resurfacing. The spatial distribution of tectonic features across Charon is not consistent with the types of patterns predicted from tidal or de-spinning stresses. This may point to Charon having had an ancient subsurface ocean that subsequently froze producing the extensional features and possibly allowing the eruption of cryovolcanic magmas. The small moons of Pluto When the New Horizons mission was green-lighted only the dwarf planets Pluto and Charon were known. Then in 2005 the two small moons Nix and Hydra were discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope, followed by the even smaller moons, Kerberos and Styx, in 2011 and 2012 respectively. It had been expected that New Horizons would detect additional satellites but no other moons larger than approx. 1.7km in diameter are present at orbital radii between 5,000 and 80,000km. The general hypothesis is that Pluto and its satellites were produced by the collision of Pluto with a similar Kuiper Belt object and it was hoped that New Horizons would provide information on whether this was the case. Several findings have helped to reinforce this hypothesis. First, the small moons are highly elongated, suggesting they formed and grew by the agglomeration of small objects, but, due to their size, their gravity was not sufficient to pull the material into a spherical shape. Indeed, from New Horizons images Kerberos appears to have a double-lobed shape suggesting the merger of two bodies. The shapes are consistent with the hypothesis that they all formed in the remnant disk produced by the collision that formed the Pluto-Charon binary. Second, it has been found that all four satellites have high geometric albedos, ranging from 0.56  ± 0.05 to 0.83  ± 0.08. In contrast, the majority of small KBOs have geometric albedo of ~ 0.1. This is further evidence that the moons were formed from the remnant disk rather than being captured gravitationally from the general Kuiper Belt population. Third, 11 craterlike features have been identified on Nix, and 3 craterlike features on Hydra. Crater densities have been calculated which exceed the values found on the older regions of Pluto and Charon and suggest that the surfaces of Nix and Hydra date back to at least 4 billion years ago. This fact again supports the formation hypothesis. From the high surface albedo of the moons, its strongly suggested that, like Charon, they are covered with water ice. Unlike Pluto and Charon, which rotate synchronously, the small moons are not synchronous and rotate much faster than expected with rotation periods ranging from 0.43 days to 5.31  ± 0.10. In addition, the rotational poles of the small moons are almost at right angles to the common rotational poles of Pluto and Charon. These rotation speeds and axes have not been observed in other regular satellite systems and imply that tidal spinning has not played a major role in the moons rotational histories. A future study will determine whether chaos has played a part.

Factors Influencing Availability of Water in South Africa

Factors Influencing Availability of Water in South Africa There are many factors influencing the sustainability of water supply in South Africa. One of the reasons is that According to the global water balance (figure below), South Africa is situated in a negative runoff zone, which means that annual evaporation always exceeds rainfall and South Africa is further situated in a semidesert / desert latitude zone, which has almost no weathering and soil formation, due to the drop in precipitation and vegetation cover, and the higher temperatures and evaporation rate. Besides the main factors, that will be dealt with in the essay, such as the over exploitation of water by the economic sectors and the main water sources in South Africa being polluted and therefore cannot be used, the situation of South Africa contributes largely to unsustainable usage of water through evaporation and therefore influencing the sustainability of water for future generations. The table below supports The Miller Model (Figure 1) as it shows that in South Africa, the amount of evaporation exceeds the amount of rainfall and the water demand often exceeds the water yield which highlights the shortages of water in that alone without other major factors being looked at. South Africa gets most of its water (66%) from surface runoff which is contained in about 320 dams all over the country which have total capacity of more than 32 400 million m3. Johannesburg being such a huge city is the biggest metropolitan area in South Africa. However unlike other cities of its size anywhere in the world it is one in very few that are not situated on or next to a major watercourse. Johannesburgs main water source comes from the Jukskei and Upper Klip River in the north and south respectively. The Jukskei catchment is situated within the Pretoria-Witwatersrand area. A range of users from recreational activities to industrial users are using the Jukskei River, with different water standards catering for each category and although the catchment is used for a variety of human activities it still has to support a population number of 790  000 in 1991 which has probably increased over the years. The Klip River catchment is one of the most heavily impacted river s ystems in South Africa and is subjected to almost every type of pollution. It furthermore serves all five recognised user groups identified by DWAF (domestic, agricultural, recreation, industrial and the natural environment). It is approximated that 9500 million m3/annum of the total requirements for water of 12  871 million m3/annum is abstracted from surface water resources.   The remainder comes from groundwater, the re-use of return flows, and the interception of water by afforestation.   In rural, semi arid and arid areas, surface water is not abundant therefore groundwater is used extensively instead  the six major aquifers (rocks with porosity and water permeability) in South Africa include, Table Mountain Group sandstones, coastal sand deposits, basement granites, Karoo dolerites, Dolomites and alluvium along perennial rivers.   Most exploitable groundwater occurs in the eastern and northeastern parts of the country and in the Western Cape, where aquifers are concentrated.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  When looking at Figure 3 which is the map of South Africa shows how utilizable groundwater is scarce in KwaZulu-Natal and the south of South Africa whereas water is concentrated in Northern and Western Cape. However with ground water excessive concentration of chloride, nitrate, and other salts, all of which are costly to remove which shows how less and less groundwater will be exploitable for human purposes as it is becoming increasingly polluted with tox ic wates. Looking at the above figure it shows how water in South Africa is concentrated in the Northern part of South Africa. In KwaZulu Natal province, there is 92% of available water that is guaranteed and only a one in thirteen risk of water restrictions which shows its availability. Although water may be currently available, leading scientists predict that SAs economic hub will run short of water should a severe drought occur in the next 10 years. Due to South Africas failure to maintain water pipes that provide households with water 30% was lost through leaking or burst pipes. The right to sufficient water is guaranteed by the countrys constitution, and the government has worked hard to provide access to running water to 88 percent of the population, up from 62 percent in 1996. However, water may be available but it is unevenly distributed and it is extrapolated that by 2025,that water deficits will occur in three of the four water management areas that support most of the countrys economic activity. The Klip River which has been mentioned previously is located in an urban area where there is plenty urban development and Industries. Due to mining activities in the area, the river is subject to pressures from those mining activities as large amounts of water are required to support industries such as those that generate electrical power. Mining on its own has been averaged to use up to 8 % of South Africas water. Mines such as the Grootvlei mine are responsible for intoxicating valuable groundwater by pumping wastes into rivers thus making it useless in regards to human use. IRRIGATION Irrigation accounts for 50% of the total water use in South Africa. Farmers that grow crops or fruit, for commercial use or farmers that practise subsisitence farming, use lots of water to meet the demands of the fields of crops that need watering. The process of meat production uses up a lot of water which is said to be around 3000 litres of water for one Kg of meat which is why people are encouraged to reduce their intake of meat to save water. FACTORIES Factories not only emitt gasses into the atmosphere but they also release effluents into nearby rivers that are both toxic to humans and animals. Some factories use water to cool down tanks and other machinery and the release it back into rivers which is a form of pollution because when water is heated, oxygen decreases which is detrimental to aquatic life. MANAGEMENT AND SOLUTIONS: Community Development and Environmental Education By raising awareness amongst all people in rural areas, that are mostly uneducated, that water is a precious resource which has an impact on all aspects of life people will begin to take note of the significance of water to all that exist. These awareness projects can be made by having people talk to people about how to reduce water usage by not bathing three times a day or leaving a tap running for example. Water Conservation 50% of all water available in South Africa is used up by irrigation purposes. The application of water conservation and demand management (WC/DM) principles in the irrigation and farming sector will have a significant effect on the availability of water to other sectors. In order to successfully manage water resources then stricter boundries must be set on each sector using and only allowed a certain amount of water. Industry, Mining and Power Generation Sector The Industry, Mining and Power Generation Programme oversees the development and implementation of appropriate policies, strategies, projects and initiatives that will promote water conservation in these economic sectors. Such programmes should be improved as they aim to establish a culture of water conservation in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and this will ensure sustainable use of water. Another solution and initiative that have been taken to combat water shortages is the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (II) which is due to begin in 2020 as It is expected to take more than nine years to prepare for and implement the project. Once the project is underway there will be an estimated transfer of 479-million cubic meters annually to South Africa which is aimed at getting water from Lesotho and supplying Gauteng province with it however Negotiations were still under way with the government of Lesotho regarding the flagship of the project. Desalinization of surrounding oceans such as the Indian and Atlantic Ocean has been considered but later ruled out due to financial, technological and facility constraints in the country to undergo this process. It is true that water is still available in South Africa and it is also true that in a few years this resource will not be able to support and sustain the population. Industries and households have proved to be the guzzlers of water in South Africa. Strategies that have been implemented will be effective in reducing the usage of water by Industries, and programmes that aim to educate the youth and the elderly on water conservation will alert people to the fact that We dont have the luxury of choice and time.